Testing for Lipids

2025-04-17T20:42:03Z

NRJC:

SI Unit

2025-04-17T17:05:18Z

NRJC: /* About SI Units */

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''SI Units''' are the standard scientific [[unit]]s used by [[scientist]]s around the world.

===About SI Units===
: '''SI''' stands for "Système international".
: '''SI''' [[unit]]s have been standardised around the world so that any [[experiment]] can be [[reproducible|reproduced]] and so that components in machines are interchangeable.
: The USA does not always use '''SI Units'''. As a result of the confusion over [[unit]]s a space probe once crashed on [[Mars]] because one team of [[scientist]]s was using [[inch]]es and the other team was using hundredths of [[metre]] ([[centimetre]]s) and a mistake was made converting from one to the other.

The '''SI Units''' you should know are in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Measurement'''
|'''SI Unit'''
|-
|Distance, Displacement, Wavelength
|metres
|-
|Time
|seconds
|-
|Temperature
|degrees Celsius or Kelvin
|-
|Mass
|kilograms
|-
|Area
|metres squared
|-
|Volume
|metres cubed
|-
|Force, Weight
|Newtons
|-
|Speed and Velocity
|metres per second
|-
|Density
|kilograms per metre cubed
|-
|Angle
|degrees
|-
|Acceleration
|metres per second per second
|-
|Moment
|Newton Metres
|-
|Energy, Work Done
|Joules
|-
|Electrical Charge
|Coulombs
|-
|Electrical Current
|Amps
|-
|Potential Difference
|Volts
|-
|Resistance
|Ohms
|-
|Radioactivity
|Becquerels
|-
|Radiation Dose
|Gray
|-
|Radiation Exposure
|Sievert
|-
|Frequency
|Hertz
|-
|Magnetic Flux Density
|Teslas
|-
|Moles
|Mol
|-
|Concentration
|Mol per decimeter cubed
|-
|Light intensity
|Lux
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''SI system of units, pages 266-267, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''SI units, page 175, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''SI units, page 19, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''SI units, page 19, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''SI units, page 62, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''SI units, page 64, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''SI units, page 8, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''SI units; interconversion of, pages 193-4, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Si units; interconversions of, pages 95-6, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''SI units, page 18, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''SI units, page 19, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''SI units, page 3, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''International system of units (SI units), pages 5, 301, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Si units, pages 49, 285-286, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''SI units, pages 5, 301, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bUVjJWA6Vw}}

Light

2024-05-31T19:12:18Z

NRJC: /* Key Stage 3 */

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
'''Light''' is what we can see with our eyes and '''dark''' is when there is not enough '''light''' to see things clearly.
===About Light and Dark===
: '''Light''' can be very bright or it can be very '''dark'''.
: '''Light''' travels in straight lines.
: '''Light''' comes from [[luminous]] objects and is [[reflected]] off non-luminous objects. [[The Sun]] can be seen because it is [[luminous]]. [[The Moon]] can be seen because it [[reflect]]s the '''light''' of [[The Sun]].
: When '''light''' is very bright it can hurt our eyes. '''Light''' from [[The Sun]] is very bright and we shouldn't look at [[The Sun]] because it can cause people to go blind.
: When there is not enough light to see we say it is '''dark'''. At night time it is very '''dark''' which is why it is hard to see.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:LightDarkRoom.png|center|400px]]
|[[File:LightManBoyBulb.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |No-one can see because there is no '''light''' so the room is '''dark'''.
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |The man can see the light bulb because light from the bulb goes into the man's eyes. The boy cannot see the light bulb because his eyes are closed.
|}

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Light]] is a [[wave]] that [[human]]s can see with their [[eye]]s.
{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/zmjSydUmLwA}}
===About Light===
: [[Light]] is a [[Transverse Wave|transverse wave]].
: [[Light]] can travel through a [[vacuum]] as well as through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: The [[speed]] of [[light]] through a [[vacuum]] is 300,000,000[[m/s]].
As a [[wave]] [[light]] can be:
*[[Transmit|Transmitted]] - [[Light]] can pass through a [[medium]].
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[energy]] [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] by [[light]] can be taken in by an [[opaque]] [[material]].
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - [[Light]] can bounce off a surface. This can be either [[Diffuse Reflection]] or [[Specular Reflection]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - [[Light]] can change direction when it changes [[medium]].
===Medium===
: [[Light]] can travel through a [[transparent]] [[medium]] but it does not need [[matter]] to travel through as it can pass through a [[vacuum]].
: [[Light]] can travel through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: [[Light]] travels most quickly through a [[vacuum]].
: [[Light]] travels most slowly through [[solid]]s.

===Colour===
[[Light]] can be divided into 7 [[colour]]s:
*Red
*Orange
*Yellow
*Green
*Blue
*Indigo
*Violet

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Visible light''' is an [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic wave]] that [[human]]s can see.

===About Light===
====Properties====
: '''Visible light''' is a [[Transverse Wave|transverse wave]].
: '''Visible light''' can travel through a [[vacuum]] as well as through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: The [[speed]] of '''visible light''' through a [[vacuum]] is 300,000,000[[m/s]].
As a [[wave]] [[light]] can be:
*[[Transmit|Transmitted]] - '''Visible light''' can pass through a [[medium]].
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[energy]] [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] by '''visible light''' can be taken in by an [[opaque]] [[material]].
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - '''Visible light''' can bounce off the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]]. This can be either [[Diffuse Reflection]] or [[Specular Reflection]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - '''Visible light''' can change direction when it crosses the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]].
=====Colour=====
: Different [[frequency|frequencies]] of '''visible light''' are [[reflect]]ed or [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by different surfaces giving them colour.
'''Visible light''' can be divided into 7 [[colour]]s:
*Red - The lowest [[frequency]] and longest [[wavelength]] of '''visible light'''.
*Orange
*Yellow
*Green
*Blue
*Indigo
*Violet - The highest [[frequency]] and shortest [[wavelength]] of '''visible light'''.

====Applications====
: '''Visible light''' is used for [[sight]], photography, microscopy, telescopy because it can be seen with the [[human]] [[eye]].
: '''Visible light''' can be used in [[Fibre Optics|fibre optic]] communication because it is not [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by the [[glass]] that the fibres are made from and it is [[reflection|reflected]] internally by the [[interface]] between the [[glass]] and the [[air]].
====Dangers====
: There are no dangers of '''visible light''', unless it is extremely intense in which case it could cause blindness.
===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Light year, page 274, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Light, models of, page 336, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Light, pages 124, 126-127, 131, 154-157, 176-177, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Light, pages 192, 202-213, 238-239, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; red-shift, page 256, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; reflection of, pages 188-90, 195, 197, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; refraction of, pages 195-6, 198, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; spectrum of, pages 207-8, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; transmission and absorption of, pages 189-90, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; uses and applications, page 200, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Visible light, pages 190-1, 226-7, 234, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Visible light, pages 192, 206-207, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Visible light, pages 200, 207, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10405 ''Visible light, pages 223, 225, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light, pages 242, 249, 253, 254, 261, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac486 ''Visible light, pages 76, 85, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light; lenses, pages 266-276, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Visible light; reflection and refraction, pages 195-197, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light; reflection and refraction, pages 232-238, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac487 ''Visible light; refraction and reflection, pages 77, 80, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; angle of incidence, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; angle of reflection, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; filters, page 69, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; ray diagrams, pages 66-67, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; red shift, pages 124-125, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; reflection, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; refraction, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; transmission, page 69, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; visible spectrum, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; white light, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light, pages 127, 137, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Visible light, pages 168, 171, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Visible light, pages 40, 43, 47, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Visible light, pages 72, 78, 95, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light; colour, pages 137-139, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light; uses, page 134, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light, pages 189-192, 194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light, pages 61-63, 66, 68, 70-72, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Light, plant responses to, pages 49, 51-53, 83, 110-111, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light; reflection page 189, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light; reflection, pages 61, 62, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light; refraction, pages 190, 191, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light; refraction, pages 61, 63, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Visible light, pages 152, 164-165, 264-265, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Visible light, pages 192, 194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXxZRZxafEQ}}

Particle Model

2024-05-30T15:17:22Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 3==
[[File:ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png|right|400px|thumb|A [[diagram]] showing the '''particle model''' for [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.]]
===Meaning===
The '''particle model''' is a [[Scientific Theory|scientific theory]] that [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es by suggesting that all [[matter]] is made of [[particle]]s, and that those [[particle]]s behave differently in [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.

===About The Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.
: The '''particle model''' can [[explain]] [[State Change|changes of state]].
: [[Scientific Evidence|Evidence]] of the '''particle model''' can be shown by pouring 50ml of [[pure]] [[water]] and 50ml of [[pure]] [[ethanol]] into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]]. The [[solution]] is only 97ml because [[ethanol]] [[molecule]]s are bigger than [[water]] [[molecule]]s so the [[water]] [[molecule]]s fit between the [[ethanol]] [[molecule]]s like pouring 50ml of sand and 50ml of marbles into the same container. It will not make 100ml.
: [[Scientific Evidence|Evidence]] of the '''particle model''' can be shown by observing [[Brownian Motion]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The '''particle model''' is a [[Scientific Theory|scientific theory]] that [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es by suggesting that all [[matter]] is made of [[particle]]s, and that those [[particle]]s behave differently in [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.

===About The Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' describes how the [[particle]]s that make a [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] are arranged and how they move.
: In the '''particle model''' the [[particle]]s are constantly moving and [[Collision|colliding]] with one another.
: The [[particle]]s have [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] which is passed on to each other during [[collision]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Diagram'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Arrangement'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Motion'''
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelSolid.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[solid]] the [[particle]]s are in a regular arrangement and very close together. This is the most [[Density|dense]] [[State of Matter|state of matter]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[solid]] the [[particle]]s [[vibrate]] around fixed positions.
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelLiquid.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[liquid]] the [[particle]]s are in a random arrangement with small gaps between them.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[liquid]] the [[particle]]s can slide past one another.
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelGas.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[gas]] the [[particle]]s are in a random arrangement and spread far apart from one another. This is the least [[Density|dense]] [[State of Matter|state of matter]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[gas]] the [[particle]]s are free to move in all directions.
|}

===Limitations of the Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' is not a complete explanation for the properties of a [[material]]. However, it is a useful approximation which can make predictions about the properties of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es, that is not perfect.
: The '''particle model''' only explains the properties of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es but not why different [[material]]s are [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] at different [[temperature]]s.
The problems with the '''particle model''' are that it makes several assumptions which are not always the case:
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |'''Assumption'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''Reality'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Problem'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |[[Particle]]s are [[sphere]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |[[Particle]]s are often [[molecule]]s whose shape is not a [[sphere]], some of which are long chains of [[atom]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: Differently shaped [[particle]]s fit together in different ways which can change the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s and [[liquid]]s such as the strength or [[viscosity]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |There are no [[force]]s between [[particle]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |There are [[force]]s between [[atom]]s and [[Intermolecular Force|intermolecular force]]s between [[molecule]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: The [[magnitude]] of the different [[force]]s affects whether a [[substance]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] at different [[temperature]]s. The stronger the [[force]] the higher the [[temperature]] of its [[Melting Point|melting point]] and [[Boiling Point|boiling point]].
: The direction of the [[Intermolecular Force|intermolecular forces]] affects the way the [[particle]]s are arranged in a [[solid]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |The size of all [[particle]]s in a [[substance]] is the same.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |A [[substance]] can be made of more than one different [[particle]] which have different sizes.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: The different size [[particle]]s causes them to fit together in different arrangements in a [[solid]].
|}

===Chemical Reactions in the Particle Model===
: During a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]] [[atom]]s are rearranged into new [[compound]]s. The '''particle model''' explains how [[temperature]] and [[pressure]] affect the rate of [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reactions]].
: In the '''particle model''' the [[particle]]s [[collide]] with one another.
: If [[particle]]s [[collide]] with enough [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] it can break the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s holding the [[atom]]s to each other in a [[molecule]].
: When [[collision]]s have caused [[molecule]]s to break apart they can join back together in a new arrangement.

====Temperature and Chemical Reactions====
: When the [[temperature]] of a [[substance]] is increased it causes the [[particle]]s to move around faster, with greater [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]].
: As [[temperature]] increases the [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often and with greater [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]].
: When [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often it means a greater chance of the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s breaking and [[atom]]s rearranging into new [[compound]]s.
: When [[particle]]s have a large [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] during a [[collision]] they are more likely to have enough [[energy]] to break the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bonds]] holding [[atom]]s in the [[molecule]]s together.
====Pressure and Chemical Reactions====
: When the [[pressure]] of a [[substance]] is increased it causes the [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often.
: When [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often it means a greater chance of the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s breaking and [[atom]]s rearranging into new [[compound]]s.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Particle model, pages 106, 107, 113-115, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Particle model, pages 36-37, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Particle model, pages 68-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Particle model, pages 96, 97, 103, 104, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Particle; model, pages 82-5, 89-90, 96, 98, 175, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d201 ''Particle theory, pages 36, 37, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Particle theory, pages 97, 98, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Particle theory, pages 99, 100, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Particle model, pages 34, 35, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Particle model, pages 95-98, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Particle model, pages 97, 98, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Particle model, pages 18-21, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Particle model, pages 18-23, 176-181, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Particle model, pages 82, 107, 152, 155, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Particle theory, pages 12, 34, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Particle theory, pages 14, 17, 18, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

== Beyond the Curriculum ==

=== The Quantum Realm ===

While the particle model is a fantastic way to understand the behavior of matter at macroscopic scales, there's a whole new world waiting to be explored at the quantum level. At this minuscule scale, particles exhibit bizarre behaviors that challenge our everyday intuition.

==== Quantum Particles ====

In the quantum realm, particles are nothing like the neat spheres we often imagine in the particle model. They can exist in multiple places at once (a phenomenon known as superposition), and their properties can be interconnected through a phenomenon called entanglement. These behaviors are fundamental to the field of quantum physics and have practical applications in technologies like quantum computing.

==== Wave-Particle Duality ====

One of the most mind-boggling concepts is wave-particle duality. Particles, such as electrons and photons, can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties depending on how they are observed. This phenomenon challenges our understanding of the very nature of matter and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.

=== Subatomic Particles ===

In addition to the familiar protons, neutrons, and electrons, there's a whole zoo of subatomic particles out there. Some of these exotic particles, like quarks and neutrinos, play crucial roles in the fundamental forces that govern the universe.

==== Quarks - The Building Blocks ====

Quarks are the smallest known building blocks of matter. They combine in various ways to form protons, neutrons, and other particles. Understanding quarks and their interactions is a cutting-edge field in particle physics, delving deep into the structure of matter itself.

==== Neutrinos - Ghostly Particles ====

Neutrinos are fascinating because they interact very weakly with other matter. In fact, billions of neutrinos pass through your body every second without you even noticing. They are essential in astrophysics, helping us understand the inner workings of stars and supernovas.

=== Dark Matter and Dark Energy ===

As we explore the universe, we've discovered that ordinary matter, the kind made up of particles in the particle model, makes up only a small fraction of the cosmos. The majority of the universe is composed of mysterious substances known as dark matter and dark energy.

==== Dark Matter - The Invisible Force ====

Dark matter does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it completely invisible. Yet, its gravitational influence is unmistakable, holding galaxies together and shaping the cosmos. Understanding dark matter is a leading challenge in astrophysics.

==== Dark Energy - The Cosmic Accelerator ====

Dark energy is even more enigmatic. It's responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, a discovery that shook the world of physics. Its nature remains one of the greatest mysteries in modern science.

=== Particle Accelerators ===

To study particles at these tiny scales, scientists use colossal machines called particle accelerators. These devices can propel particles to near-light speeds, allowing us to recreate the extreme conditions of the early universe and discover new particles.

==== Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ====

The LHC, located beneath the Swiss-French border, is the most powerful particle accelerator on Earth. It played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Higgs boson, a particle that gives mass to other particles. Students with a passion for physics may dream of working on experiments like those conducted at the LHC.

=== The Unified Theory ===

Scientists are working tirelessly to create a unified theory that combines the laws of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. Such a theory would explain the behavior of particles on all scales, from the smallest quantum particles to the largest cosmic structures. It's a challenge that has intrigued physicists for generations.

Remember, these topics are beyond the scope of your curriculum, but they represent the frontiers of scientific research. If you're passionate about physics and enjoy exploring the mysteries of the universe, these are exciting areas to delve into further during your academic journey.

Particle Model

2024-05-30T15:16:36Z

NRJC: /* Meaning */

==Key Stage 3==
[[File:ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png|right|400px|thumb|A [[diagram]] showing the '''particle model''' for [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.]]
===Meaning===
The '''particle model''' is a [[Scientific Theory|scientific theory]] that [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es by suggesting that all [[matter]] is made of [[particle]]s, and that those [[particle]]s behave differently in [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] showing the '''particle model''' for [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.
|}

===About The Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.
: The '''particle model''' can [[explain]] [[State Change|changes of state]].
: [[Scientific Evidence|Evidence]] of the '''particle model''' can be shown by pouring 50ml of [[pure]] [[water]] and 50ml of [[pure]] [[ethanol]] into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]]. The [[solution]] is only 97ml because [[ethanol]] [[molecule]]s are bigger than [[water]] [[molecule]]s so the [[water]] [[molecule]]s fit between the [[ethanol]] [[molecule]]s like pouring 50ml of sand and 50ml of marbles into the same container. It will not make 100ml.
: [[Scientific Evidence|Evidence]] of the '''particle model''' can be shown by observing [[Brownian Motion]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The '''particle model''' is a [[Scientific Theory|scientific theory]] that [[explain]]s the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es by suggesting that all [[matter]] is made of [[particle]]s, and that those [[particle]]s behave differently in [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.

===About The Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' describes how the [[particle]]s that make a [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] are arranged and how they move.
: In the '''particle model''' the [[particle]]s are constantly moving and [[Collision|colliding]] with one another.
: The [[particle]]s have [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] which is passed on to each other during [[collision]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Diagram'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Arrangement'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Motion'''
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelSolid.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[solid]] the [[particle]]s are in a regular arrangement and very close together. This is the most [[Density|dense]] [[State of Matter|state of matter]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[solid]] the [[particle]]s [[vibrate]] around fixed positions.
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelLiquid.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[liquid]] the [[particle]]s are in a random arrangement with small gaps between them.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[liquid]] the [[particle]]s can slide past one another.
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelGas.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[gas]] the [[particle]]s are in a random arrangement and spread far apart from one another. This is the least [[Density|dense]] [[State of Matter|state of matter]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |In a [[gas]] the [[particle]]s are free to move in all directions.
|}

===Limitations of the Particle Model===
: The '''particle model''' is not a complete explanation for the properties of a [[material]]. However, it is a useful approximation which can make predictions about the properties of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es, that is not perfect.
: The '''particle model''' only explains the properties of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es but not why different [[material]]s are [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] at different [[temperature]]s.
The problems with the '''particle model''' are that it makes several assumptions which are not always the case:
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |'''Assumption'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''Reality'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Problem'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |[[Particle]]s are [[sphere]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |[[Particle]]s are often [[molecule]]s whose shape is not a [[sphere]], some of which are long chains of [[atom]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: Differently shaped [[particle]]s fit together in different ways which can change the [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s and [[liquid]]s such as the strength or [[viscosity]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |There are no [[force]]s between [[particle]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |There are [[force]]s between [[atom]]s and [[Intermolecular Force|intermolecular force]]s between [[molecule]]s.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: The [[magnitude]] of the different [[force]]s affects whether a [[substance]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] at different [[temperature]]s. The stronger the [[force]] the higher the [[temperature]] of its [[Melting Point|melting point]] and [[Boiling Point|boiling point]].
: The direction of the [[Intermolecular Force|intermolecular forces]] affects the way the [[particle]]s are arranged in a [[solid]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:left;" |The size of all [[particle]]s in a [[substance]] is the same.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |A [[substance]] can be made of more than one different [[particle]] which have different sizes.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
: The different size [[particle]]s causes them to fit together in different arrangements in a [[solid]].
|}

===Chemical Reactions in the Particle Model===
: During a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]] [[atom]]s are rearranged into new [[compound]]s. The '''particle model''' explains how [[temperature]] and [[pressure]] affect the rate of [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reactions]].
: In the '''particle model''' the [[particle]]s [[collide]] with one another.
: If [[particle]]s [[collide]] with enough [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] it can break the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s holding the [[atom]]s to each other in a [[molecule]].
: When [[collision]]s have caused [[molecule]]s to break apart they can join back together in a new arrangement.

====Temperature and Chemical Reactions====
: When the [[temperature]] of a [[substance]] is increased it causes the [[particle]]s to move around faster, with greater [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]].
: As [[temperature]] increases the [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often and with greater [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]].
: When [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often it means a greater chance of the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s breaking and [[atom]]s rearranging into new [[compound]]s.
: When [[particle]]s have a large [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] during a [[collision]] they are more likely to have enough [[energy]] to break the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bonds]] holding [[atom]]s in the [[molecule]]s together.
====Pressure and Chemical Reactions====
: When the [[pressure]] of a [[substance]] is increased it causes the [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often.
: When [[particle]]s [[collide]] more often it means a greater chance of the [[Chemical Bond|chemical bond]]s breaking and [[atom]]s rearranging into new [[compound]]s.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Particle model, pages 106, 107, 113-115, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Particle model, pages 36-37, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Particle model, pages 68-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Particle model, pages 96, 97, 103, 104, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Particle; model, pages 82-5, 89-90, 96, 98, 175, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d201 ''Particle theory, pages 36, 37, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Particle theory, pages 97, 98, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Particle theory, pages 99, 100, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Particle model, pages 34, 35, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Particle model, pages 95-98, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Particle model, pages 97, 98, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Particle model, pages 18-21, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Particle model, pages 18-23, 176-181, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Particle model, pages 82, 107, 152, 155, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Particle theory, pages 12, 34, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Particle theory, pages 14, 17, 18, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

== Beyond the Curriculum ==

=== The Quantum Realm ===

While the particle model is a fantastic way to understand the behavior of matter at macroscopic scales, there's a whole new world waiting to be explored at the quantum level. At this minuscule scale, particles exhibit bizarre behaviors that challenge our everyday intuition.

==== Quantum Particles ====

In the quantum realm, particles are nothing like the neat spheres we often imagine in the particle model. They can exist in multiple places at once (a phenomenon known as superposition), and their properties can be interconnected through a phenomenon called entanglement. These behaviors are fundamental to the field of quantum physics and have practical applications in technologies like quantum computing.

==== Wave-Particle Duality ====

One of the most mind-boggling concepts is wave-particle duality. Particles, such as electrons and photons, can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties depending on how they are observed. This phenomenon challenges our understanding of the very nature of matter and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.

=== Subatomic Particles ===

In addition to the familiar protons, neutrons, and electrons, there's a whole zoo of subatomic particles out there. Some of these exotic particles, like quarks and neutrinos, play crucial roles in the fundamental forces that govern the universe.

==== Quarks - The Building Blocks ====

Quarks are the smallest known building blocks of matter. They combine in various ways to form protons, neutrons, and other particles. Understanding quarks and their interactions is a cutting-edge field in particle physics, delving deep into the structure of matter itself.

==== Neutrinos - Ghostly Particles ====

Neutrinos are fascinating because they interact very weakly with other matter. In fact, billions of neutrinos pass through your body every second without you even noticing. They are essential in astrophysics, helping us understand the inner workings of stars and supernovas.

=== Dark Matter and Dark Energy ===

As we explore the universe, we've discovered that ordinary matter, the kind made up of particles in the particle model, makes up only a small fraction of the cosmos. The majority of the universe is composed of mysterious substances known as dark matter and dark energy.

==== Dark Matter - The Invisible Force ====

Dark matter does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it completely invisible. Yet, its gravitational influence is unmistakable, holding galaxies together and shaping the cosmos. Understanding dark matter is a leading challenge in astrophysics.

==== Dark Energy - The Cosmic Accelerator ====

Dark energy is even more enigmatic. It's responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, a discovery that shook the world of physics. Its nature remains one of the greatest mysteries in modern science.

=== Particle Accelerators ===

To study particles at these tiny scales, scientists use colossal machines called particle accelerators. These devices can propel particles to near-light speeds, allowing us to recreate the extreme conditions of the early universe and discover new particles.

==== Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ====

The LHC, located beneath the Swiss-French border, is the most powerful particle accelerator on Earth. It played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Higgs boson, a particle that gives mass to other particles. Students with a passion for physics may dream of working on experiments like those conducted at the LHC.

=== The Unified Theory ===

Scientists are working tirelessly to create a unified theory that combines the laws of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. Such a theory would explain the behavior of particles on all scales, from the smallest quantum particles to the largest cosmic structures. It's a challenge that has intrigued physicists for generations.

Remember, these topics are beyond the scope of your curriculum, but they represent the frontiers of scientific research. If you're passionate about physics and enjoy exploring the mysteries of the universe, these are exciting areas to delve into further during your academic journey.

Nuclear Fission

2024-05-30T10:33:27Z

NRJC: /* Key Stage 5 */

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:Fission2.png|right|300px|thumb|An [[model]] of '''nuclear fission'''.]]
'''Nuclear fission''' is a process in which a large [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] splits into two more [[Stable Isotope|stable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]].

===About Nuclear Fission===
: '''Nuclear fission''' occurs when a [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] is so [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] that it splits in two.
: During '''nuclear fission''' [[neutron]]s are also [[emit]]ted.
: '''Nuclear fission''' [[Energy Transfer|transfers]] [[energy]] from the [[Nuclear Potential Energy Store|nuclear potential energy store]] into the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy store]] of the [[material]] and the surroundings.
: In a '''nuclear fission reaction''' the products have less [[mass]] than the reactants as some of the [[mass]] is converted into [[energy]] in the process due to the [[Mass-Energy Equivalence]].
: '''Nuclear fission''' can be induced in a [[material]] by bombarding [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] with [[neutron]]s. If a [[neutron]] is captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] it becomes so unstable that it splits in two.
: The [[neutron]]s used to induce '''fission''' must have a low [[energy]] to be captured by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] otherwise the [[neutron]]s will just pass straight through without being captured. [[Neutron]]s with the right amount of [[energy]] to be captured are called [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]]s because they have a similar [[energy]] to [[molecule]]s in the [[air]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:InducedFission.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |A [[model]] showing a possible mechanism for induced '''nuclear fission''' resulting from the capture of a [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]].

<math>{}_{92}^{235}U + {}_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow {}_{92}^{236}U \rightarrow {}_{36}^{85}Kr + {}_{56}^{148}Ba + 3{}_{0}^{1}n</math>
|}

: If there is enough of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]] in a [[material]] a single '''nuclear fission''' can trigger a [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|nuclear chain reaction]] in which the [[neutron]]s produced from the initial '''fission''' event can cause the '''fission''' of more than one other [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
: A [[Nuclear Fission|nuclear fission]] [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|chain reaction]] is used in both [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear bombs]] and [[Nuclear Fission Reactor|nuclear reactors]] in [[Nuclear Power|nuclear power stations]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Nuclear fission, page 140, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac337 ''Nuclear fission, page 49, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Nuclear fission, pages 104-105, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA\ '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Nuclear fission, pages 106-7, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Nuclear fission, page 166, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Nuclear fission, page 22, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Nuclear fission, page 57, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission, pages 110, 112-113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission; power generation, page 113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Nuclear fission, pages 184-185, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Fission''' is the splitting of a heavy [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] into two approximately equal fragments, releasing [[energy]].

===About Fission===
*'''Nuclear fission''' can be spontaneous or induced by the absorption of a [[neutron]].
*When [[Uranium-235]] or [[Plutonium-239]] absorbs a [[neutron]], it becomes unstable and splits into two smaller daughter [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] along with additional [[neutron]]s and a large amount of [[energy]].
*The released [[neutron]]s can induce further [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] reactions, leading to a [[Chain Reaction|chain reaction]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:InducedFission.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |A [[model]] showing a possible mechanism for induced '''nuclear fission''' resulting from the capture of a [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]].

<math>{}_{92}^{235}U + {}_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow {}_{92}^{236}U \rightarrow {}_{36}^{85}Kr + {}_{56}^{148}Ba + 3{}_{0}^{1}n</math>
|}
*'''Fission''' releases a significant amount of [[energy]], primarily in the form of [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] of the [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] fragments.
*'''Fission''' is used in [[Nuclear Reactor|nuclear reactors]] to generate [[electricity]] and in [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear weapons]].

Nuclear Fission

2024-05-30T10:32:59Z

NRJC: /* About Fission */

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:Fission2.png|right|300px|thumb|An [[model]] of '''nuclear fission'''.]]
'''Nuclear fission''' is a process in which a large [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] splits into two more [[Stable Isotope|stable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]].

===About Nuclear Fission===
: '''Nuclear fission''' occurs when a [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] is so [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] that it splits in two.
: During '''nuclear fission''' [[neutron]]s are also [[emit]]ted.
: '''Nuclear fission''' [[Energy Transfer|transfers]] [[energy]] from the [[Nuclear Potential Energy Store|nuclear potential energy store]] into the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy store]] of the [[material]] and the surroundings.
: In a '''nuclear fission reaction''' the products have less [[mass]] than the reactants as some of the [[mass]] is converted into [[energy]] in the process due to the [[Mass-Energy Equivalence]].
: '''Nuclear fission''' can be induced in a [[material]] by bombarding [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] with [[neutron]]s. If a [[neutron]] is captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] it becomes so unstable that it splits in two.
: The [[neutron]]s used to induce '''fission''' must have a low [[energy]] to be captured by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] otherwise the [[neutron]]s will just pass straight through without being captured. [[Neutron]]s with the right amount of [[energy]] to be captured are called [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]]s because they have a similar [[energy]] to [[molecule]]s in the [[air]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:InducedFission.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |A [[model]] showing a possible mechanism for induced '''nuclear fission''' resulting from the capture of a [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]].

<math>{}_{92}^{235}U + {}_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow {}_{92}^{236}U \rightarrow {}_{36}^{85}Kr + {}_{56}^{148}Ba + 3{}_{0}^{1}n</math>
|}

: If there is enough of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]] in a [[material]] a single '''nuclear fission''' can trigger a [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|nuclear chain reaction]] in which the [[neutron]]s produced from the initial '''fission''' event can cause the '''fission''' of more than one other [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
: A [[Nuclear Fission|nuclear fission]] [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|chain reaction]] is used in both [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear bombs]] and [[Nuclear Fission Reactor|nuclear reactors]] in [[Nuclear Power|nuclear power stations]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Nuclear fission, page 140, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac337 ''Nuclear fission, page 49, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Nuclear fission, pages 104-105, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA\ '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Nuclear fission, pages 106-7, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Nuclear fission, page 166, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Nuclear fission, page 22, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Nuclear fission, page 57, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission, pages 110, 112-113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission; power generation, page 113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Nuclear fission, pages 184-185, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Fission''' is the splitting of a heavy [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] into two approximately equal fragments, releasing [[energy]].

===About Fission===
*'''Nuclear fission''' can be spontaneous or induced by the absorption of a [[neutron]].
*When [[Uranium-235]] or [[Plutonium-239]] absorbs a [[neutron]], it becomes unstable and splits into two smaller daughter [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] along with additional [[neutron]]s and a large amount of [[energy]].
*The released [[neutron]]s can induce further [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] reactions, leading to a [[Chain Reaction|chain reaction]].
*'''Fission''' releases a significant amount of [[energy]], primarily in the form of [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] of the [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] fragments.
*'''Fission''' is used in [[Nuclear Reactor|nuclear reactors]] to generate [[electricity]] and in [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear weapons]].

Nuclear Fission

2024-05-30T10:31:54Z

NRJC: /* Key Stage 5 */

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:Fission2.png|right|300px|thumb|An [[model]] of '''nuclear fission'''.]]
'''Nuclear fission''' is a process in which a large [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] splits into two more [[Stable Isotope|stable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]].

===About Nuclear Fission===
: '''Nuclear fission''' occurs when a [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] is so [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] that it splits in two.
: During '''nuclear fission''' [[neutron]]s are also [[emit]]ted.
: '''Nuclear fission''' [[Energy Transfer|transfers]] [[energy]] from the [[Nuclear Potential Energy Store|nuclear potential energy store]] into the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy store]] of the [[material]] and the surroundings.
: In a '''nuclear fission reaction''' the products have less [[mass]] than the reactants as some of the [[mass]] is converted into [[energy]] in the process due to the [[Mass-Energy Equivalence]].
: '''Nuclear fission''' can be induced in a [[material]] by bombarding [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] with [[neutron]]s. If a [[neutron]] is captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] it becomes so unstable that it splits in two.
: The [[neutron]]s used to induce '''fission''' must have a low [[energy]] to be captured by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] otherwise the [[neutron]]s will just pass straight through without being captured. [[Neutron]]s with the right amount of [[energy]] to be captured are called [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]]s because they have a similar [[energy]] to [[molecule]]s in the [[air]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:InducedFission.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |A [[model]] showing a possible mechanism for induced '''nuclear fission''' resulting from the capture of a [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]].

<math>{}_{92}^{235}U + {}_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow {}_{92}^{236}U \rightarrow {}_{36}^{85}Kr + {}_{56}^{148}Ba + 3{}_{0}^{1}n</math>
|}

: If there is enough of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]] in a [[material]] a single '''nuclear fission''' can trigger a [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|nuclear chain reaction]] in which the [[neutron]]s produced from the initial '''fission''' event can cause the '''fission''' of more than one other [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
: A [[Nuclear Fission|nuclear fission]] [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|chain reaction]] is used in both [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear bombs]] and [[Nuclear Fission Reactor|nuclear reactors]] in [[Nuclear Power|nuclear power stations]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Nuclear fission, page 140, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac337 ''Nuclear fission, page 49, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Nuclear fission, pages 104-105, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA\ '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Nuclear fission, pages 106-7, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Nuclear fission, page 166, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Nuclear fission, page 22, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Nuclear fission, page 57, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission, pages 110, 112-113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission; power generation, page 113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Nuclear fission, pages 184-185, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Fission''' is the splitting of a heavy [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] into two approximately equal fragments, releasing [[energy]].

===About Fission===
*'''Nuclear fission''' can be spontaneous or induced by the absorption of a [[neutron]].
*When [[Uranium-235]] or [[Plutonium-239]] absorbs a [[neutron]], it becomes unstable and splits into two smaller daughter [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] along with additional [[neutron]]s and a large amount of [[energy]].
*The released [[neutron]]s can induce further [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] reactions, leading to a [[Chain Reaction|chain reaction]].
*'''Fission''' releases a significant amount of [[energy]], primarily in the form of [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic energy]] of the [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] fragments.
*'''Fission''' is used in [[Nuclear Reactor|nuclear reactors]] to generate [[electricity]] and in [[Nuclear Weapon|nuclear weapons]].

Nuclear Fission

2024-05-30T10:28:34Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:Fission2.png|right|300px|thumb|An [[model]] of '''nuclear fission'''.]]
'''Nuclear fission''' is a process in which a large [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] splits into two more [[Stable Isotope|stable]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]].

===About Nuclear Fission===
: '''Nuclear fission''' occurs when a [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] is so [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] that it splits in two.
: During '''nuclear fission''' [[neutron]]s are also [[emit]]ted.
: '''Nuclear fission''' [[Energy Transfer|transfers]] [[energy]] from the [[Nuclear Potential Energy Store|nuclear potential energy store]] into the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy store]] of the [[material]] and the surroundings.
: In a '''nuclear fission reaction''' the products have less [[mass]] than the reactants as some of the [[mass]] is converted into [[energy]] in the process due to the [[Mass-Energy Equivalence]].
: '''Nuclear fission''' can be induced in a [[material]] by bombarding [[massive]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] with [[neutron]]s. If a [[neutron]] is captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] it becomes so unstable that it splits in two.
: The [[neutron]]s used to induce '''fission''' must have a low [[energy]] to be captured by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] otherwise the [[neutron]]s will just pass straight through without being captured. [[Neutron]]s with the right amount of [[energy]] to be captured are called [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]]s because they have a similar [[energy]] to [[molecule]]s in the [[air]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:InducedFission.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |A [[model]] showing a possible mechanism for induced '''nuclear fission''' resulting from the capture of a [[Thermal Neutron|thermal neutron]].

<math>{}_{92}^{235}U + {}_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow {}_{92}^{236}U \rightarrow {}_{36}^{85}Kr + {}_{56}^{148}Ba + 3{}_{0}^{1}n</math>
|}

: If there is enough of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]] in a [[material]] a single '''nuclear fission''' can trigger a [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|nuclear chain reaction]] in which the [[neutron]]s produced from the initial '''fission''' event can cause the '''fission''' of more than one other [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
: A [[Nuclear Fission|nuclear fission]] [[Nuclear Chain Reaction|chain reaction]] is used in both [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear bombs]] and [[Nuclear Fission Reactor|nuclear reactors]] in [[Nuclear Power|nuclear power stations]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Nuclear fission, page 140, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac337 ''Nuclear fission, page 49, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Nuclear fission, pages 104-105, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA\ '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Nuclear fission, pages 106-7, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Nuclear fission, page 166, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Nuclear fission, page 22, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Nuclear fission, page 57, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission, pages 110, 112-113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Nuclear fission; power generation, page 113, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Nuclear fission, pages 184-185, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
[[Fission]] is the splitting of a heavy [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] into two approximately equal fragments, releasing [[energy]].

===About Fission===

[[Nuclear fission]] can be spontaneous or [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] by the absorption of a [[neutron]].
When [[uranium-235]] ]] or [[plutonium-239]] absorbs a [[neutron]], it becomes unstable and splits into two smaller [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] along with additional [[neutron]]s and a large amount of [[energy]].
The released [[neutron]]s can induce further [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] reactions, leading to a chain reaction.
Fission releases a significant amount of [[energy]], primarily in the form of kinetic [[energy]] of the [[Nuclear Fission|fission]] fragments.
Fission is used in [[nuclear reactors]] to generate [[electricity]] and in [[nuclear weapons]].

Field Line

2024-05-30T10:27:48Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Field lines''' are imaginary lines used to represent the direction and strength of a [[Force Field|field]], such as [[Electric Field|electric]], [[Magnetic Field|magnetic]], or [[Gravitational Field|gravitational fields]].

===About Field Lines===
*[[Electric Field|Electric]] '''field lines''' point away from [[Positive Charge|positive charges]] and towards [[Negative Charge|negative charges]].
*[[Magnetic Field|Magnetic]] '''field lines''' form closed loops, emerging from the [[North Seeking Pole|north pole]] and entering the [[South Seeking Pole|south pole]] of a [[magnet]].
*[[Gravitational Field|Gravitational]] '''field lines''' point towards the [[Centre of Mass|centre of mass]].
*The [[density]] of the '''field lines''' indicates the strength of the [[Force Field|field]]; closer lines represent a stronger [[Force Field|field]].
*'''Field lines''' never cross each other.
*'''Field lines''' provide a visual representation of the force experienced by a test particle placed in the [[Force Field|field]].

Field Line

2024-05-30T10:26:29Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== '''Field lines''' are imaginary lines used to represent the direction and strength of a field, such as electric, Magneti..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Field lines''' are imaginary lines used to represent the direction and strength of a [[field]], such as [[Electric Field|electric]], [[Magnetic Field|magnetic]], or [[Gravitational Field|gravitational fields]].

===About Field Lines===
*[[Electric Field|Electric]] '''field lines''' point away from [[Positive Charge|positive charges]] and towards [[Negative Charge|negative charges]].
*[[Magnetic Field|Magnetic]] '''field''' lines form closed loops, emerging from the [[North Seeking Pole|north pole]] and entering the [[South Seeking Pole|south pole]] of a [[magnet]].
*[[Gravitational Field|Gravitational]] '''field lines''' point towards the [[Centre of Mass|centre of mass]].
*The [[density]] of the '''field lines''' indicates the strength of the [[field]]; closer lines represent a stronger [[field]].
*'''Field lines''' never cross each other.
*'''Field lines''' provide a visual representation of the force experienced by a test particle placed in the [[field]].

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:21:55Z

NRJC: /* About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[Electrical Transformer|transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*Due to the law of [[Conservation of Energy|conservation of energy]] the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] which is known as [[Lenz's Law]] and is included in the formula representing '''Faraday's Law''' with a negative sign.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:21:09Z

NRJC: /* About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[Electrical Transformer|transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*Due to the law of [[Conservation of Energy|conservation of energy]] the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] which is included in the formula representing '''Faraday's Law''' with a negative sign.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:19:10Z

NRJC: /* Formulae */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*The [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]].
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[Electrical Transformer|transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:18:57Z

NRJC: /* About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*The [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]].
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[Electrical Transformer|transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:18:31Z

NRJC: /* Meaning */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*The [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]].
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:18:15Z

NRJC: /* About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*The [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[Electromotive Force|emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]].
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Faraday's Law

2024-05-30T10:18:00Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== '''Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction''' states that the induced emf in a..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Faraday's law of [[Electromagnetic Induction|electromagnetic induction]]''' states that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of [[Magnetic Flux Linkage|magnetic flux linkage]] through the circuit.

===About Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction===
*The [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] opposes the change in [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]].
*[[Magnetic Flux Linkage|Magnetic flux linkage]] is defined as the product of the number of turns in the coil and the [[Magnetic Flux|magnetic flux]] through the coil.
*'''Faraday's Law''' is fundamental in the operation of [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, and various electromagnetic devices.

===Formulae===
'''Faraday's Law''' is stated mathematically as:
*<math>\varepsilon=-\frac{\Delta\Phi}{\Delta t}</math>
Where,
*<math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Electromotive Force|electromotive force]]
*Φ is the magnetic flux
*t is the time.
The negative sign in the equation represents [[Lenz's Law]], indicating that the [[Electromagnetic Induction|induced]] [[emf]] opposes the change in [[magnetic flux]].

Additionally Φ is given by:
*Φ=𝐵𝐴cos𝜃
Where:
*𝐵 is the magnetic field strength
*𝐴 is the area of the coil
*𝜃 is the angle between the field and the normal of the area

Excitation

2024-05-30T10:11:15Z

NRJC: /* Key Stage 5 */

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
[[Excitation]] is the process in which an [[atom]] absorbs [[energy]] without [[Ionisation|ionising]], causing an [[electron]] to move from a lower to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].

===About Excitation===
*'''Excitation''' occurs when an [[electron]] absorbs a [[photon]] or [[energy]] from a collision and jumps to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].
*The [[atom]] remains [[Neutral Charge|neutral]] as the [[electron]] is not removed from the [[atom]].
*The excited state is usually unstable, and the [[electron]] will soon return to a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]], [[emit]]ting [[energy]] in the form of a [[photon]].
*'''Excitation''' is important in understanding the the [[Absorption Spectra|absorption]] and [[Emission Spectra|emission spectra]] of [[atom]]s and the operation of LASERs.

===Examples===

*[[Neon]] signs glow due to the '''excitation''' of [[Neon]] [[atom]]s and subsequent [[Emit|emission]] of light.
*[[Fluorescent]] lamps work by '''exciting''' [[Mercury (Element)|Mercury]] vapor, which then [[emit]]s [[ultraviolet]] [[Visible Light|light]] that causes the [[phosphor]] coating to glow.

Excitation

2024-05-30T10:10:49Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
[[Excitation]] is the process in which an [[atom]] absorbs [[energy]] without [[Ionisation|ionizing]], causing an [[electron]] to move from a lower to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].

===About Excitation===
*'''Excitation''' occurs when an [[electron]] absorbs a [[photon]] or [[energy]] from a collision and jumps to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].
*The [[atom]] remains [[Neutral Charge|neutral]] as the [[electron]] is not removed from the [[atom]].
*The excited state is usually unstable, and the [[electron]] will soon return to a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]], [[emit]]ting [[energy]] in the form of a [[photon]].
*'''Excitation''' is important in understanding the the [[Absorption Spectra|absorption]] and [[Emission Spectra|emission spectra]] of [[atom]]s and the operation of LASERs.

===Examples===

*[[Neon]] signs glow due to the '''excitation''' of [[Neon]] [[atom]]s and subsequent [[Emit|emission]] of light.
*[[Fluorescent]] lamps work by '''exciting''' [[Mercury (Element)|Mercury]] vapor, which then [[emit]]s [[ultraviolet]] [[Visible Light|light]] that causes the [[phosphor]] coating to glow.

Excitation

2024-05-30T10:09:42Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== Excitation is the process in which an atom absorbs energy without ionizing, causing an electron to move from a low..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
[[Excitation]] is the process in which an [[atom]] absorbs [[energy]] without [[Ionisation|ionizing]], causing an [[electron]] to move from a lower to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].

===About Excitation===
*'''Excitation''' occurs when an [[electron]] absorbs a [[photon]] or [[energy]] from a collision and jumps to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]].
*The [[atom]] remains [[Neutral Charge|neutral]] as the [[electron]] is not removed from the [[atom]].
*The excited state is usually unstable, and the [[electron]] will soon return to a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]], [[emit]]ting [[energy]] in the form of a [[photon]].
*'''Excitation''' is important in understanding the [[Emit|emission]] spectra of [[element]]s and the operation of lasers.
===Examples===

*[[Neon]] signs glow due to the '''excitation''' of [[Neon]] [[atom]]s and subsequent [[Emit|emission]] of light.
*[[Fluorescent]] lamps work by '''exciting''' [[Mercury (Element)|Mercury]] vapor, which then [[emit]]s [[ultraviolet]] [[Visible Light|light]] that causes the [[phosphor]] coating to glow.

De-excitation

2024-05-30T10:04:35Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== De-excitation is the process in which an atom loses energy by photon emission as a result of an electron moving from..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
[[De-excitation]] is the process in which an [[atom]] loses [[energy]] by [[photon]] [[Emit|emission]] as a result of an [[electron]] moving from one [[Energy Level|energy level]] to an unoccupied position in a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]].

===About De-excitation===
*'''De-excitation''' occurs when an [[electron]] in a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]] falls to a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]].
*The energy difference between the two levels is [[emit]]ted as a [[photon]].
*The [[emit]]ted [[photon]] has an [[energy]] exactly equal to the [[energy]] difference between the levels.
*'''De-excitation''' is the reverse of [[excitation]], where [[energy]] is [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] to move an [[electron]] to a higher level.
*Important in the study of atomic spectra and the identification of [[element]]s.
===Examples===
*The [[Emit|emission]] of [[Visible Light|light]] in [[neon]] signs is due to the '''de-excitation''' of [[electron]]s in [[neon]] [[atom]]s.
*'''De-excitation''' of [[electron]]s in [[hydrogen]] [[atom]]s produces the characteristic lines of the [[hydrogen]] [[Emission Spectra|spectrum]].

Equilibrium (Mechanics)

2024-05-30T10:01:28Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Equilibrium''' is the state of an [[object]] when the net [[force]] and net [[moment]] acting on it are zero.

===About Equilibrium===
*In static '''equilibrium''', an [[object]] is at rest with no net [[force]] or [[moment]] acting on it.
*In dynamic '''equilibrium''', an [[object]] moves with constant [[velocity]] with no net [[force]] or [[moment]] acting on it.
*Conditions for '''equilibrium''' include ∑𝐹=0 (no net force) and ∑𝜏=0 (no net moment).
*'''Equilibrium''' is used to calculate unknown variables and predict physical outcomes of given situations (At what angle slope will an object tip over, what is the tension in the wires holding up a weight).
*Stability of '''equilibrium''' can be classified as stable, unstable, or neutral.

Equilibrium (Mechanics)

2024-05-30T09:59:30Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== '''Equilibrium''' is the state of an object when the net force and net moment acting on it are zero. ===About Equilibrium=== *In sta..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Equilibrium''' is the state of an [[object]] when the net [[force]] and net [[moment]] acting on it are zero.

===About Equilibrium===
*In static '''equilibrium''', an [[object]] is at rest with no net [[force]] or [[moment]] acting on it.
*In dynamic '''equilibrium''', an [[object]] moves with constant [[velocity]] with no net [[force]] or [[moment]] acting on it.
*Conditions for '''equilibrium''' include ∑𝐹=0 (no net force) and ∑𝜏=0 (no net moment).
*Stability of '''equilibrium''' can be classified as stable, unstable, or neutral.

Energy Level

2024-05-30T09:56:18Z

NRJC: /* About Energy Levels */

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Energy Levels''' are another name for the [[Electron Shell|electron shells]] or [[Electron Orbital|orbitals]] around the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] where [[electron]]s can exist.

===About Energy Levels===
: The existence of '''energy levels''' in [[atom]]s is part of the [[Bohr Model|Bohr model of the atom]].
: The [[Electron Orbital|electron orbital]]s in [[atom]]s each correspond to [[electron]]s with a certain amount of [[energy]], which is why they are also called '''energy levels'''.
: [[Electron]]s cannot exist anywhere between the '''energy levels''' they can only exist in one '''energy level''' or another.
: In [[chemistry]] [[electron]]s are seen as fixed in their '''energy levels''' but in [[physics]] the [[electron]]s can move to a higher '''energy level''' by the [[Absorb (Physics)|absorption]] of [[energy]] and can drop down into an empty '''energy level''' below by [[emit]]ting [[energy]].
: The [[wavelength]]s of [[electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic wave]] depend on the [[energy]] difference between the [[Energy Level|energy levels]] in [[atom]]s.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Absorption.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:Emission.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This [[diagram]] shows an [[electron]] gaining [[energy]] by [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbing]] an [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic wave]] and moving to a higher [[Energy Level|energy level]] (becoming [[excited]]).
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This [[diagram]] shows an [[excited]] [[electron]] losing [[energy]] by [[emit]]ting an [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic wave]]. As it does this the [[electron]] falls back down to a lower [[Energy Level|energy level]].
|}

: If an [[electron]] in an the highest '''energy level''', known as the [[Outer Shell|outer shell]], gains enough [[energy]] it can leave the [[atom]] completely so they [[atom]] becomes a [[Positive Ion|positive]] [[ion]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Energy level of electrons, pages 13, 18-19, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe09898 ''Energy levels (atoms), page 197, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Energy levels (electron shells), pages 22, 43-45, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Energy levels (electron shells), pages 22, 43-45, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Energy levels (shells), page 117-18, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Energy levels (shells), pages 2,3,5, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac134 ''Energy levels in atoms, page 43, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Energy levels in atoms, pages 111, 201, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Energy levels in atoms, pages 123, 243, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Energy level diagrams, pages 155, 156, 167, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Energy level diagrams, pages 180, 181, 199, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Energy levels in atoms, pages 128, 151, 153, 154, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Energy levels, pages 49, 50, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Energy levels''' are the discrete amounts of [[energy]] that [[electron]]s in an [[atom]] can have.

===About Energy Levels===
*[[Electron]]s occupy specific [[Energy Level|energy levels]] or [[Electron Shell|shells]] around the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]].
*When an [[electron]] absorbs [[energy]], it can move to a higher '''energy level''' ([[Excited|excitation]] in which the [[atom]] is said to be [[excited]]. NB: not the [[electron]] itself).
*When an [[electron]] falls to a lower '''energy level''', it [[emit]]s [[energy]] in the form of a [[photon]].
*The [[energy]] difference between '''levels''' determines the [[frequency]] of the [[emit]]ted or absorbed [[photon]].
*'''Energy levels''' are quantized, meaning [[electron]]s can only exist in these specific levels and not in between.
*The transitions between '''energy levels''' are responsible for the [[Absorption Spectra|absorption]] and [[Emission Spectra|emission spectra]] of [[atom]]s.

Energy Level

2024-05-30T09:55:00Z

NRJC:

Electron Capture

2024-05-30T09:49:53Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 5==
[[File:FeynmanDiagramElectronCapture.png|right|300px|thumb|This is a '''Feynman diagram''' showing '''Electron capture''' due to the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]] in which a [[proton]] [[Electron Capture|captures]] an [[electron]] to become a [[neutron]].]]

===Meaning===
'''Electron capture''' is a process in which a [[Proton-rich Nucleus|proton-rich nucleus]] absorbs an [[Inner Shell|inner-shell]] [[electron]], causing a [[proton]] to transmute into a [[neutron]] and [[emit]]ting a [[neutrino]].

===About Electron Capture===
*'''Electron capture''' typically occurs in [[Proton-rich Nucleus|proton-rich isotopes]].
*The '''captured electron''' combines with a [[proton]] to form a [[neutron]] and an [[Electron-neutrino|electron neutrino (νe)]].
*'''Electron capture''' reduces the [[Atomic Number|atomic number]] by one while the [[Mass Number|mass number]] remains the same.
*'''Electron capture''' is often followed by the [[Emit|emission]] of [[X-ray]]s as [[electron]]s from higher [[Energy Level|energy levels]] fall into the lower [[Energy Vacancy|energy vacancy]].
*'''Electron capture''' helps to achieve a more stable [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] by reducing [[proton]] number.
===Examples===
*'''Electron capture''' occurs in [[Beryllium-7]] to form [[Lithium-7]].
*During the the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]] by which '''electron capture''' occurs several quantities can be shown to be conserved:
{| class="wikitable"
|+<math>p + e^- \rightarrow n + \nu_e</math>
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>p</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>e^-</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>\rightarrow</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>n</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>\nu_e</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |[[Conservation of Charge|Charge]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+1</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>-1</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>=</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |[[Conservation of Baryon Number|Baryon Number]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+1</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>=</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+1</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |[[Conservation of Lepton Number|Lepton Number]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+1</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>=</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+1</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |[[Conservation of Strangeness|Strangeness]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>=</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>+</math>
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>0</math>
|}

2024-05-24T08:20:02Z

NRJC:

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Electric field strength''' is the [[force]] per unit [[Electrical Charge|charge]] exerted on a small positive test [[Electrical Charge|charge]] placed at a point in the [[Electric Field|field]].

===About Electric Field Strength===
*'''Electric field strength''' is given by the symbol '''𝐸'''.
*The [[unit]] of '''electric field strength''' is [[Newton]]s per [[Coulomb]] (N/C) or [[volt]]s per [[metre]] (V/m).
*The direction of the [[Electric Field|electric field]] is the direction of the [[force]] that would act on a positive test [[Electrical Charge|charge]].
*[[Electric Field|Electric fields]] can be represented by [[Field Line|field lines]]; the density of these lines indicates the '''field strength'''.

===Formula===
'''Electric Field Strength''' is given by the general formula:

*<math>𝐸=\frac{𝐹}{𝑄}</math>

Where,

𝐹 is the [[force]] experienced by a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] 'Q' in the field.

and

𝑄 is the [[Electrical Charge|charge]] in that field.

The '''Electric field strength''' around a point [[Electrical Charge|charge]] is given by:

*<math>𝐸=𝑘\frac{𝑄}{𝑟^2}</math>

Where:

𝑘 is the [[Coulomb's Constant|Coulomb's constant]]

𝑄 is the [[Point Charge|point charge]] causing the field

and

𝑟 is the distance from that [[Point Charge|point charge]]

Since;

*<math>𝑘=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}</math>

Then:

*<math>𝐸=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{𝑄}{𝑟^2}</math>

or

*<math>𝐸=\frac{𝑄}{4\pi\varepsilon_0𝑟^2}</math>

Where:

<math>\varepsilon_0</math> is the [[Permittivity of Free Space|permittivity of free space]]

Electric Field Strength

2024-05-24T08:19:05Z

NRJC: Created page with "==Key Stage 5== ===Meaning=== '''Electric field strength''' is the force per unit charge exerted on a small positive test [[Electrical Charge|charge]..."

==Key Stage 5==
===Meaning===
'''Electric field strength''' is the [[force]] per unit [[Electrical Charge|charge]] exerted on a small positive test [[Electrical Charge|charge]] placed at a point in the [[Electric Field|field]].

===About Electric Field Strength===
*'''Electric field strength''' is given by the symbol '''𝐸'''.
*The [[unit]] of '''electric field strength''' is [[Newton]]s per [[Coulomb]] (N/C) or [[volt]]s per [[metre]] (V/m).
*The direction of the [[Electric Field|electric field]] is the direction of the [[force]] that would act on a positive test [[Electrical Charge|charge]].
*[[Electric Field|Electric fields]] can be represented by [[Field Line|field lines]]; the density of these lines indicates the '''field strength'''.

===Formula===
'''Electric Field Strength''' is given by the general formula:

<math>𝐸=\frac{𝐹}{𝑄}</math>

Where,

𝐹 is the [[force]] experienced by a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] 'Q' in the field.

and

𝑄 is the [[Electrical Charge|charge]] in that field.

The '''Electric field strength''' around a point [[Electrical Charge|charge]] is given by:

<math>𝐸=𝑘\frac{𝑄}{𝑟_2}</math>

Where:

𝑘 is the [[Coulomb's Constant|Coulomb's constant]]

𝑄 is the [[Point Charge|point charge]] causing the field

and

𝑟 is the distance from that [[Point Charge|point charge]]

Since;

<math>𝑘=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}</math>

Then:

<math>𝐸=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{𝑄}{𝑟_2}</math>

or

<math>𝐸=\frac{𝑄}{4\pi\varepsilon_0𝑟_2}</math>

Where:

<math>\varepsilon_0</math> is the [[Permittivity of Free Space|permittivity of free space]]