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Earth's Atmosphere

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: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' is essential to the survival of many [[Alive|living]] [[creature]]s creatures on the [[planet]].: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' has not always had the same proportions of [[gas]]es. 3.9 [[billion]] [[year]]s ago there was no [[Oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]]. In the last 200 years humans have caused the [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the '''Earth's Atmosphere''' to double.
==Key Stage 4==
: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' is around 79% [[Nitrogen]], 20% [[Oxygen]] 1% [[Argon]] and 0.04% [[Carbon Dioxide]]. However, these [[percentage]]s vary depending on the [[humidity]] as [[Water Vapour]] can make up some of the '''Earth's Atmosphere'''.
: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' [[Thermal Insulator|insulate]]s the [[Earth]] keeping the surface at a higher [[Mean Average|average]] [[temperature]] than if it did not have an [[atmosphere]].
: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' protects [[organism]]s on the surface from harmful [[Cosmic Ray|cosmic rays]] and [[Solar Wind|solar wind]].
===Formation of the Earth's Atmosphere===
: The '''Earth's Atmosphere''' formed 3.9 [[billion]] [[year]]s ago.
: [[Scientist]]s believe the '''Earth's Atmosphere''' was formed from [[gas]]es released from [[Volcano]]es on the early [[Earth]].
: [[Gas]] from the early [[Earth]] has been trapped in small bubbles in volcanic [[rock]] showing it be mostly [[Carbon Dioxide]], [[Methane]] and [[Nitrogen]]. Some evidence also suggests there may have been high quantities of [[ammonia]].: If there had been any [[Oxygen]] in the early '''atmosphere''' it would have reacted with the [[Methane]] to produce [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[Water]] or any [[Reactivity Series|reactive]] [[metal]]s to produce [[Metal Oxide|metal oxides]].
===Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere===
: Once [[organism]]s [[Evolution by Natural Selection|evolved]] which could get [[energy]] from sunlight via [[photosynthesis]] the [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the '''atmosphere''' decreased and [[Oxygen]] began to increase.
: [[Carbon Dioxide]] was also removed from the '''atmosphere''' when it [[dissolve]]d in the [[ocean]] and was used by some sea [[organism]]s to form hard [[Calcium Carbonate]] shells.
====Extra Information====
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dO2xx-aeZ4w}}
===Equilibrium of the Earth's Atmosphere===
: The amount of different [[gas]]es in the '''atmosphere''' have remained roughly the same for the last 3 million years due to a balance of processes which either add [[gas]]es to the '''atmosphere''' or remove it, including the [[Carbon Cycle|carbon cycle]] and the [[Nitrogen Cycle|nitrogen cycle (higher tier)]].: [[Carbon Dioxide]] is constantly produced by [[volcano]]es, [[combustion]] and [[respiration]], but it is removed from the [[atmosphere]] by [[photosynthesis]] and [[dissolve|dissolving]] in the [[ocean]].
: [[Oxygen]] is constantly produced by [[photosynthesis]] but removed by [[combustion]] and [[respiration]].
 
===Human effects on the Atmosphere===
: The equilibrium of [[gas]]es has been affected by [[combustion]] and other industrial processes caused by [[human]]s.
: Before the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]] the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the '''atmosphere''' was 0.02%. Since then, due to the [[combustion]] of [[Fossil Fuel|fossil fuels]] it has increased to 0.04% which [[scientist]]s believe is causing the [[Mean Average|average]] global [[temperature]] to increase. ===References=======AQA====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe09697 ''Atmosphere, page 155, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d46 ''Atmosphere, page 91, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere, pages 166, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere, pages 194-205, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Atmosphere, pages 206-213, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Atmosphere, pages 268-275, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Atmosphere, pages 292-3, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; ammonia, page 197, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; carbon dioxide levels, pages 228-9, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; carbon dioxide removal, pages 226-7, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; carbon dioxide, pages 194-196, 198-201, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Composition today, pages 167, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; composition, page 197, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Early composition, pages 167-8, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; early composition, pages 224-5, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; early Earth, page 194, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Atmosphere; early, pages 296-7, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; evolution, pages 196-197, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Greenhouse gases, pages 170-3, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; greenhouse gases, pages 198-201, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; Methane levels, pages 229-30, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; methane, pages 194, 197, 198, 201, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; Origin of oxygen, pages 225-6, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; oxygen, pages 194-195, 197, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; photosynthesis, pages 194-195, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Pollutants, pages 179-81, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atmosphere; pollutants, pages 202-203, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; Present composition, page 224, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Removal of carbon dioxide, pages 169-70, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Atmosphere; Source of oxygen, pages 168-9, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atmosphere; Sources of pollution, pages 237-8, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Atmospheric pressure, page 120-1, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atmospheric pressure, page 139, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Atmospheric pressure, page 171, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Atmospheric pressure, pages 166-167, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Atmospheric pressure, pages 174-5, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac23 ''Atmospheric pressure, pages 41, 59, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']====Edexcel====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Atmosphere, pages 141, 143, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Atmosphere, pages 264-269, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Atmosphere, pages 91-93, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atmosphere; changing, pages 164-165, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atmosphere; changing, pages 278-279, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atmosphere; composition, page 162, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atmosphere; composition, page 276, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atmosphere; early, pages 162-163, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atmosphere; early, pages 276-277, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atmosphere; present-day, pages 166-167, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atmosphere; present-day, pages 280-281, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']
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