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===Examples===
: [[Water]] can exist as a [[liquid]] and a [[gas]] at 100[[°C]]. The [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy]] of the [[particle]]s in both is the same. However, the [[particle]]s in [[steam]] have more '''internal energy''' than the [[particle]]s in [[water]] because they are spread apart, giving them more [[Potential Energy|potential energy]].
: The [[particle]]s in [[petrol]] at 50[[°C]] are moving around so they have [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy]]. The [[petrol]] also has a store of [[Chemical Potential EnergyStore|chemical potential energy]] that can be released when [[petrol]] burns in the presence of [[Oxygen]]. So the '''Internal Energy''' of [[petrol]] includes both the [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy]] of the [[particle]]s and the [[Chemical Potential EnergyStore|chemical potential energy]].
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Internal Energy]] is the [[Sum (Maths)|sum]] of all [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic]] and [[Potential Energy|potential energies]] of [[particle]]s in a [[system]].
===About Internal Energy===
: The [[particle]]s in a [[material]] have [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy]], because they move, and several types of [[Potential Energy|potential energy]] because there are [[force]]s between [[adjacent]] [[particle]]s.
: [[Force]]s of [[attraction]], including [[Chemical Bond|chemical bonds]], pull [[particle]]s together. The further apart the [[particle]]s the more [[Potential Energy|potential energy]] they poses. As a result the [[gas]]eous [[State of Matter|state]] of a [[substance]] has more [[Potential Energy|potential energy]] than the [[liquid]] [[State of Matter|state]] of that [[substance]], even if the [[temperature]] of both is the same because the [[particle]]s are spread apart in a [[gas]] and close together in a [[liquid]].
: Increasing the '''internal energy''' of a [[substance]] by [[heating]] does not always increase its [[temperature]]. When a [[substance]] [[State Change|changes state]] the '''internal energy''' changes but the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy]] does not, so it remains at a constant [[temperature]].
{| class="wikitable"
|[[File:MeltingGraph.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:BoilingGraph.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |As a [[solid]] is [[heated]] the [[Internal Energy|internal energy]] increases. As the [[solid]] '''melts''' the [[temperature]] of the [[substance]] stays the same but the [[Potential Energy|potential energy]] of the [[particle]]s continues to increase.
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |As a [[liquid]] is [[heated]] the [[Internal Energy|internal energy]] increases. As the [[liquid]] '''boils''' the [[temperature]] of the [[substance]] stays the same but the [[Potential Energy|potential energy]] of the [[particle]]s continues to increase.
|}
===Equation===
'' '''Internal Energy''' = All [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energies]] + all All [[Potential Energy|potential energies]]'' ===References=======AQA==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Internal (thermal) energy, pages 2-3, 27, 72, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Internal (thermal) energy, pages 259, 260, 282, 324, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Internal (thermal) energy; and specific heat capacity, pages 12-14, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Internal (thermal) energy; changes in, page 326, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Internal energy stores, page 21, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Internal energy stores, page 22, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Internal energy, pages 100-104, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Internal energy, pages 110-115, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10006 ''Internal energy, pages 195, 196, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac257 ''Internal energy, pages 39-41, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Internal energy, pages 82-83, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Internal energy, pages 83, 90-1, 97, 100-1, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA ''] ====Edexcel==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Internal energy, page 301, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel ''] ====OCR====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Internal energy, page 15, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Internal energy, page 153, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Internal energy, pages 28, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']