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There are 3 main processes for the ways '''extraction of metals'''takes place:

*[[Smelting]] - [[Element]]s above [[Hydrogen]] but below [[Carbon]] are found in [[mineral]]s, which are [[metal]] [[compound]]s so they need to be [[Extraction of Metals|extracted]] by using [[Carbon]] to [[Displacement Reaction|displace]] the [[metal]] from the [[compound]].*[[Electrolysis]] - [[Element]]s above [[Carbon]] are found in [[metal]] [[compoundmineral]]s but they cannot be [[Extraction of Metals|extracted]] with [[Carbon]] because [[Carbon]] is less [[Reactivity|reactive]] than those [[metal]]s so we use [[electrolysis]] to [[Extraction of Metals|extract]] them. {| class="wikitable"|-|[[File:OpencastMine.png|center|200px]]|[[File:TransportofOre.png|center|200px]]|[[File:MetalFurnace.png|center|200px]]|[[File:MetalIngots.png|center|200px]]|-| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[ore]]s are mined from the ground using explosives and heavy machinery.| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[ore]]s are transported to [[Metal Refinery|metal refineries]] by trucks, trains and boats. The [[Metal Refinery|metal refineries]] can be thousands of [[mile]]s away.| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The material is [[Pure|purified]] to remove unwanted pieces of rock. If the [[metal]] is [[native]] it is put in a furnace to [[melt]]. If the [[metal]] is in a [[compound]] it is either put in a furnace with [[Carbon]] to [[Displacement Reaction|displace]] it or it is placed in an [[electrolysis]] cell to be '''extracted''' with electricity.| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[metal]] is then molded into [[ingot]]s before being transported again to where they are needed.|} ===Environmental Concerns===: All stages of the '''extraction''' process can cause damage to the [[environment]] and concerns are raised about the local impact and global impact of '''extraction'''.====Local Concerns====: A large area of land is destroyed to make space for a [[quarry]]. This can be [[habitat]]s for local [[organism]]s.: Local people complain of increased traffic.: Explosives are often used in mining which can disturb local people and wildlife.: People who live near [[Metal Refinery|metal refineries]] can be affected by the [[pollution]] given off by the [[Metal Refinery|refinery]]. ====Global Concerns====: Machines used to mine produce [[Carbon Dioxide]] which contribute to [[Global Warming]].: Transporting [[ore]] produces [[Carbon Dioxide]] which contribute to [[Global Warming]].: [[Metal Refinery|Metal refineries]] produce [[Carbon Dioxide]] as well as other [[pollution]] including [[Sulphur Dioxide]] and [[Nitrous Oxide]]s which lead to [[Acid Rain]]. ==Key Stage 4=====Meaning==='''Extraction of Metals''' is the process of removing a [[metal]] from a [[mineral]]. ===About the Extraction of Metals===There are 4 methods for '''extracting metals''' from [[mineral]]s:*[[Extracting Metals by Electrolysis|Electrolysis]] - Which can be done for all [[metal]]s, but usually only those more [[reactive]] than [[Carbon]] on the [[Reactivity Series|reactivity series]].*[[Smelting]] - Which can be done for [[metal]]s less [[reactive]] than [[Carbon]] on the [[Reactivity Series|reactivity series]].*[[Bioleaching]] - Which can be done for any [[metal]]s and is usually used on [[ore]]s with a low [[mineral]] content.*[[Phytomining]] - Which can be done for any [[metal]]s and is usually used on [[ore]]s with a low [[mineral]] content. : The method chosen to '''extract a metal''' depends on the [[energy]] needed, the cost and the time taken.: [[Smelting]] requires very high [[temperature]]s to [[melt]] the [[mineral]]s from the [[ore]] which is expensive.: [[Extracting Metals by Electrolysis|Electrolysis]] can be done in [[solution]] with water at low [[temperature]]s if the [[mineral]] is [[soluble]] and the [[metal]] does not [[Chemical Reaction|react]] strongly with [[water]]. This is relatively cheap as only the [[energy]] needed for the [[electrolysis]] is needed.: [[Extracting Metals by Electrolysis|Electrolysis]] must sometimes be done at high [[temperature]]s to [[melt]] the [[mineral]] if it is [[insoluble]] or the [[metal]] [[Chemical Reaction|reacts]] with [[water]]. This is expensive because it needs [[energy]] to [[heat]] the [[mineral]] and then more [[energy]] for [[electrolysis]].: [[Bioleaching]] uses [[bacteria]] to '''extract''' [[mineral]]s from [[ore]] which happens at room [[temperature]] and is then followed by [[Extracting Metals by Electrolysis|Electrolysis]] of [[mineral]]s in [[solution]]. This is relatively cheap but it takes the [[bacteria]] a long time to remove the [[mineral]]s which means it is often not worth the time it takes.: [[Phytomining]] uses [[plant]]s to '''extract''' [[mineral]]s from [[ore]] which happens at room [[temperature]] and is then followed by [[Extracting Metals by Electrolysis|Electrolysis]] of [[mineral]]s in [[solution]]. This is relatively cheap but it takes the [[plant]]s a long time to remove the [[mineral]]s which means it is often not worth the time it takes. ===References=======AQA==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Extraction of metals, pages 88-89, 106-107, 212- 213, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA ''] ====Edexcel==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Extraction of metals, page 232, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Extraction of metals, pages 117, 118, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Extraction of metals, pages 155-160, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Extraction of metals, pages 55, 56, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Extraction of metals; bioleaching, page 56, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Extraction of metals; electrolysis, page 56, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Extraction of metals; phytoextraction, page 56, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Extraction of metals; reduction with carbon, page 55, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Extractions of metals, page 88, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel ''] ====OCR====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction, pages 206-213, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; aluminium, pages 210-211, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; biological, pages 212-213, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; copper, pages 207, 227, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; electrolysis, pages 206, 210-211, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; iron, pages 208-209, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; waste rock, page 227, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Metal extraction; with carbon, pages 206-209, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']