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==Key Stage 4Higher==
===Meaning===
A '''monoclonal antibody''' is an [[antibody]] produced from a group of [[clone]]d [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] made in a laboratory.
===Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies===
====Treating Disease====:Specific '''monoclonal antibodies''' which bind to the [[antigen]]s of a chosen [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] (usually a [[pathogen]]) can be used to damage or destroy the [[pathogen]].: The '''monoclonal antibody''' can be used to tag a [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] to alert the [[phagocyte]]s to engulf and destroy it.: '''Monoclonal antibodies''' may have a [[toxic]] or [[radioactive]] part which can kill the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] that it binds to.: '''Monoclonal antibodies''' can be made which bind to receptor sites for [[Human Growth Hormone|growth hormone]]s, blocking that [[hormone]] from binding to the site and so slowing down the rate of [[reproduction]] of the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]]. ====Diagnosing Disease====: Each [[pathogen]] has unique [[antigen]]s on their surface.: A '''monoclonal antibody''' can be produced which have a [[chemical]] marker that will bind to the [[pathogen]] making it easier to locate and identify it. ====Tracking Tumours====: A '''monoclonal antibody''' can be made which binds to tumour [[Cell (Biology)|cells]].: The '''monoclonal antibody''' may have a [[chemical]] or [[radioactive]] marker which can be used to help determine the size of a tumour and if it has spread. ====Pregnancy Tests====: When a [[female]] is [[pregnant]] certain [[hormone]]s are released into the [[blood]] stream and traces can be found in her [[urine]].: '''Monoclonal antibodies''' can be made which bind to the [[hormone]] causing a [[chemical]] change that results in a colour change on a pregnancy test. ===References=======Edexcel==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Monoclonal antibodies, pages 120-121, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Monoclonal antibodies, pages 169-172, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Monoclonal antibodies, pages 60, 61, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel ''] ====OCR====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Monoclonal antibodies, pages 100, 101, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']