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All living creatures [[respiration|respire]] and produce [[Carbon Dioxide]]. If there was no [[photosynthesis]] the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the [[atmosphere]] would increase and the amount of [[Oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] would decrease.
Before humans started [[Combustion|burning]] [[Fossil Fuel|fossil fuels]] [[photosynthesis]] and [[respiration]] kept the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the [[atmosphere]] constant but now that we burn [[Fossil Fuel|fossil fuels]] the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] is increasing.
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===About Photosynthesis===
: [[Photosynthesis]] takes place in the [[chloroplast]].
: [[Chlorophyll]] is a [[catalyst]] for [[photosynthesis]] which is found in the [[chloroplast]]s of some [[eukaryotic Cell|eukaryotes]] and the [[cytoplasm]] of some [[bacteria]].
: Without [[chlorophyll]], [[photosynthesis]] cannot happen.
===Adaptations for Photosynthesis===
: [[Plant]]s have evolved an [[organ]] called a [[leaf]] which is specially adapted for [[photosynthesis]].
: [[Leaf|Leaves]] are thin and wide to create a large [[Surface Area|surface area]] to collect [[light]].
{| class="wikitable"
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|[[File:LeafCrossSectionDiagram.png|center|600px]]
|}
: The [[leaf]] has [[Xylem]] vessels to supply [[water]] collected by the [[root]]s.
: The [[leaf]] has air gaps to allow [[Carbon Dioxide|carbon dioxide]] and [[oxygen]] to flow through the [[leaf]].
: The [[leaf]] has a layer of [[Palisade Cell|palisade cells]] which have lots of [[chloroplast]]s inside for [[photosynthesis]].
: The [[leaf]] has [[Guard Cell|guard cells]] and [[Stoma|stomata]] which can open and close. This way if the [[leaf]] gets [[dehydrate]]d the [[stoma|stomata]] will close and stop [[Carbon Dioxide|carbon dioxide]] getting in, stopping [[photosynthesis]].
===Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:PhotosynthesisRateLightIntensity.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:PhotosynthesisRateWater.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Light]] - The more [[light]], the faster [[photosynthesis]] can happen up to a certain [[light]] [[intensity]] at which point more [[light]] no longer increases the rate of [[photosynthesis]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Water]] - [[Photosynthesis]] needs [[water]]. If there is not enough [[water]] [[photosynthesis]] will slow down. Beyond a certain amount of [[water]] the rate of [[photosynthesis]] will stop increasing as it also limited by [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[light]] [[intensity]].
|-
|[[File:PhotosynthesisRateTemperature.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:PhotosynthesisRateCarbonDioxide.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Temperature]] - [[Photosynthesis]] works best at 30[[°C]]. Too much colder or too much warmer and [[photosynthesis]] will slow down. If the [[temperature]] gets too high the [[enzyme]]s used in [[photosynthesis]] will become [[Denaturation|denatured]] and stop working.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Carbon Dioxide]] - [[Photosynthesis]] needs [[Carbon Dioxide]]. The more [[Carbon Dioxide]], the quicker [[photosynthesis]]. Beyond a certain [[concentration]] of [[Carbon Dioxide]] the rate of [[photosynthesis]] will stop increasing as it also limited by [[water]] and [[light]] [[intensity]].
|}
: The rate of [[photosynthesis]] can be controlled by the [[Guard Cell|guard cells]] opening and closing the [[stomata]].
: When the [[leaf]] becomes [[dehydrated]] the [[Guard Cell|guard cells]] become [[flaccid]] causing the [[stomata]] to close. This prevents [[Carbon Dioxide]] from entering the [[leaf]]. This reduces the rate of [[photosynthesis]] so less [[water]] is used.
: When the [[leaf]] has enough [[water]] the [[Guard Cell|guard cells]] become [[turgid]] causing the [[stomata]] to open. This allows [[Carbon Dioxide]] into [[leaf]]. This increases the rate of [[photosynthesis]] so more [[water]] is used.
===Photosynthesis and the Atmosphere===
[[Photosynthesis]] removes [[Carbon Dioxide]] from the [[atmosphere]] and adds [[oxygen]] to the [[atmosphere]].
The [[atmosphere]] usually has these concentrations of gases:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:AtmosphericGases.png|center|400px]]
|}
All living creatures [[respiration|respire]] and produce [[Carbon Dioxide]]. If there was no [[photosynthesis]] the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the [[atmosphere]] would increase and the amount of [[Oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] would decrease.
Before humans started [[Combustion|burning]] [[Fossil Fuel|fossil fuels]] [[photosynthesis]] and [[respiration]] kept the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] in the [[atmosphere]] constant but now that we burn [[Fossil Fuel|fossil fuels]] the amount of [[Carbon Dioxide]] is increasing.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:CarbonCycle.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This [[diagram]] shows [[Carbon Cycle]] which shows how [[photosynthesis]] takes [[Carbon Dioxide]] out of the [[atmosphere]].
|}
Most [[Oxygen]] on Earth is made by [[algae]] '''photosynthesising''' in the oceans.
===References===
====AQA====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Photosynthesis, page 207, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Photosynthesis, page 269, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10159 ''Photosynthesis, page 50-52, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis, page 6, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Photosynthesis, pages 12, 124-133, 280, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f423 ''Photosynthesis, pages 14, 54-77, 170, 322, 344-5, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Photosynthesis, pages 144, 145, 270, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Photosynthesis, pages 158, 159, 331, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Photosynthesis, pages 174, 180, 292-5, 298-9, 300, 316, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Photosynthesis, pages 194-195, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Photosynthesis, pages 57-59, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Photosynthesis, pages 6, 110-18, 122, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Photosynthesis, pages 94, 96, 108, 168-9, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; chemical reaction of, pages 96-7, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; conversion of energy, page 107, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; effect of light intensity, page 99, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Photosynthesis; investigating the rate of, pages 153, 154, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Photosynthesis; investigating the rate of, pages 167, 168, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; limiting factors, pages 97-8, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Photosynthesis; rate of, pages 148-151, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Photosynthesis; rate of, pages 162- 165, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10160 ''Photosynthesis; rate of, pages 51, 52, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Photosynthesis; rate of, pages 58, 59, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; source of energy for, page 100, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Photosynthesis; uses of glucose produced, page 100, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
====Edexcel====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Photosynthesis, page 164, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Photosynthesis, pages 124-125, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Photosynthesis, pages 198-202, 206, 302, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Photosynthesis, pages 47, 48, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Photosynthesis, pages 69, 70, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Photosynthesis; factors affecting, pages 126-127, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Photosynthesis; investigating rate, page 69, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Photosynthesis; investigating rate, pages 204, 205, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Photosynthesis, pages 102, 213, 253, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Photosynthesis, pages 21, 22, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Photosynthesis, pages 25, 26, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis, pages 46-53, 67, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis; carbon dioxide, pages 49, 51, 53, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis; experiments, pages 48-49, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Photosynthesis; factors affecting rate, page 22, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Photosynthesis; factors affecting rate, page 26, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Photosynthesis; investigating rate, page 22, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Photosynthesis; investigating rate, page 25, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis; light intensity, pages 49, 51-53, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis; oxygen, page 49, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Photosynthesis; rate of, pages 50-53, 258-259, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
===Rate of Photosynthesis=Beyond the Curriculum==*[[Light]] - The more [[light]], the faster [[photosynthesis]] can happen{{#ev:youtube|https://www.*[[Water]] - [[Photosynthesis]] needs [[water]]. If there is not enough [[water]] [[photosynthesis]] will slow down.*[[Temperature]] - [[Photosynthesis]] works best at 30[[°C]]. Too much colder or too much warmer and [[photosynthesis]] will slow down.*[[Carbon Dioxide]] - [[Photosynthesis]] needs [[Carbon Dioxide]]. The more [[Carbon Dioxide]], the quicker [[photosynthesis]] can happenyoutube.com/watch?v=0UzMaoaXKaM}}