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: '''Ionising radiation''' may kill [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] by damaging the parts inside them, particularly the [[DNA]].
: '''Ionising radiation''' can cause the appearance of burns to the [[skin]]. A high enough dose of [[Ionising Radiation]] can cause instant death.
===Precautions===
*[[Safety Goggles]] - To reduce the chance of damage to the [[eye]]s.
*[[Safety Gloves]] - To reduce the chance of getting any on the [[skin]].
*[[Tongs]] - To keep a distance from the [[radioactive]] source reducing the chance of damaging the [[skin]].
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Ionising Radiation]] is [[radiation]] emitted from the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[atom]] which can cause other [[atom]]s to lose [[electron]]s and become [[ion]]s.
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJgc28csgV0}}
===About Ionising Radiation===
*[[Alpha Radiation]] - The [[emission]] of an [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]] from the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
*[[Beta Radiation]] - The [[emission]] of a [[Beta Particle|beta particle]] from the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].
*[[Gamma Radiation]] - The [[emission]] of a [[Gamma Ray-ray|gamma -ray]] from the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].*[[Neutron Radiation]] - The [[emission]] of a [[neutron]] from the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotope]].====Ionising Atoms===={| class="wikitable"|-|[[File:AlphaIonise.png|center|600px]]|-| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |When an [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]] interacts with an [[atom]] the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]] can remove one or two [[electron]]s to '''ionise''' the [[atom]].|} {| class="wikitable"|-|[[File:BetaIonise.png|center|600px]]|-| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |When a [[Beta Particle|Beta minus particle]] interacts with an [[atom]] the [[Beta Particle|beta minus particle]] can pass on some of its [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy]] to an [[electron]] in the [[Outer Shell|outer shell]] causing the [[electron]] to escape '''ionising''' the [[atom]].|} {| class="wikitable"|-|[[File:GammaIonise.png|center|600px]]|-| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |When a [[Gamma-ray|gamma-ray]] interacts with an [[atom]] the [[Gamma-ray|gammarray]] is [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by an [[electron]] in the [[Outer Shell|outer shell]] causing the [[electron]] to escape '''ionising''' the [[atom]].|}
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |[[Neutron Radiation|Neutron radiation]] is referred to as indirectly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] because it does not affect the [[electron]]s [[Electron Orbital|orbiting]] an [[atom]] but it can cause the release of directly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] in two ways:
|-
|[[File:NeutronIonise.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |It can be [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] making it [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] and causing it to release a [[gamma-ray]].
|-
|[[File:AlphaIoniseNeutronPenetrationAir.png|center|500px600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:500px600px; text-align:centerleft;" |When an It can [[Alpha ParticleRadioactive Decay|alpha particledecay]] interacts with an into a [[atomproton]] the and a [[Alpha Beta Particle|alpha beta particle]] can remove one or two releasing a [[electron]]s to '''ionise''' the [[atomgamma-ray]].
|}
====Comparison of Ionising Radiation====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |'''Radiation'''
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |'''Symbol'''
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |'''Relative Penetration Depth'''
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |'''Relative Ionising Potential'''
| style="height:20px; width:250px; text-align:center;" |'''Extra Info'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |[[Alpha Particle|Alpha Radiation]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |α
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |Low
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |High
| style="height:20px; width:250px; text-align:center;" |[[Alpha Particle|Alpha]] is the least dangerous outside the body as it cannot [[Penetration Depth|penetrate]] the [[skin]], but the most dangerous inside the body because it is the most highly [[Ionising Potential|ionising]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |[[Beta Particle|Beta Radiation]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |β-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |Medium
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |Medium
| style="height:20px; width:250px; text-align:center;" |[[Beta Particle|Beta]] is equally dangerous inside as outside the body as easily [[Penetration Depth|penetrates]] [[skin]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |[[Gamma-ray|Gamma Radiation]]
| style="height:20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |<math>\gamma</math>
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |High
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |Low
| style="height:20px; width:250px; text-align:center;" |[[Gamma-ray|Gamma]] easily [[Penetration Depth|penetrates]] the [[skin]] but mostly passes through the body without interacting with any [[atom]]s. However, at high intensities it is extremely dangerous.
|-
| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |[[FileNeutron Radiation]]| style="height:BetaIonise.png20px; width:50px; text-align:center;" |n| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |High| style="height:20px; width:100px; text-align:center;" |Indirect|style="height:20px; width:250px; text-align:center;" |500px[[Neutron]]s are the most dangerous to living [[tissue]] as it [[Penetration Depth|penetrates]] the [[skin]] easily and is likely to be captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of [[atom]]s inside the body making them [[radioactive]].
|-
|}
===Precautions===
*[[Safety Goggles]] - To reduce the chance of [[irradiation]] of the [[eye]]s.
*[[Safety Gloves]] - To reduce the chance of [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]] or [[irradiation]] of the [[skin]].
*[[Tongs]] - To keep a distance from the [[radioactive]] source reducing the chance of [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]] or [[irradiation]] of the [[skin]].
*Point the [[radioactive]] source away from living [[organism]]s to reduce [[irradiation]].
*Store in a [[Lead]] container to reduce the [[irradiation]] of living [[organism]]s.
===Ionising Radiation and Cancer===
: Exposure to '''ionising radiation''' is a [[Risk Factor|risk factor]] in [[cancer]]because '''ionising radiation''' can cause [[DNA]] [[molecule]]s to break.When the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] tries to repair the [[DNA]] it can make mistakes called [[mutation]]s. If this [[mutation]] tells the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] to replicate constantly then this becomes [[cancer]]. ===Medical Uses of Ionising Radiation===: '''Ionising Radiation''' can be used for both medical imaging and irradiating tumors.====Radioactive Tracers====: [[Radioactive Tracer|Radioactive tracers]] can be used to image specific [[gland]]s, [[organ]]s or trace the flow of [[fluid]]s through [[organ]]s.: Different [[gland]]s and [[organ]]s collect different [[compound]]s from the [[blood]] stream. A [[compound]] containing a [[radioactive]] [[isotope]] can be injected into the [[blood]] and this will accumulate in the desired [[gland]] or [[organ]]. While there the [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotopes]] [[Radioactive Decay|decay]] and this can be detected. This can be used to create an image of that [[gland]] or [[organ]].: [[Fluid]]s in certain [[organ]]s can become blocked. These blockages can be detected by injecting or ingesting a [[radioactive]] [[isotope]] which will accumulate at the blockage. This accumulation can then be detected as the [[Unstable Isotope|unstable isotopes]] [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] to produce [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]]. ====Irradiating Tumours====: The [[Irradiating Tumours|irradiation of tumours]] can be done using [[radioactive]] [[isotope]].: [[Cancer]] [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] are more sensitive to [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] than healthy [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] so they can be targeted by a stream of [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] to kill those [[Cell (Biology)|cells]].: One method to [[Irradiating Tumours|irradiate tumours]] is to place a pellet of [[radioactive]] [[material]] into the centre of a [[tumour]]. This pellet is encased in a protective layer (to prevent [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]]) of other [[tissue]]s. Once the pellet has destroyed the [[cancer]] [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] it can be removed.: Another method is to send multiple beams of [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] from different directions so that they all cross over at the same point in the body (the location of the tumour). Where the beams cross over there will be a very high [[intensity]] of [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] which will destroy the [[tumour]]. ===Extra Information==={{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zI2vRwFKnHQ}} ===References=======AQA==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Ionising radiation, pages 111, 217, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10012 ''Ionising radiation, pages 198, 199, 201, 228, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac260 ''Ionising radiation, pages 44-48, 81, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Ionising radiation; alpha, pages 114, 116, 122, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Ionising radiation; alpha, pages 126, 128, 134, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10013 ''Ionising radiation; alpha, pages 198, 199, 201, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac261 ''Ionising radiation; alpha, pages 44, 45, 47, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Ionising radiation; beta, pages 115, 117, 122, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Ionising radiation; beta, pages 127, 129, 134, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10014 ''Ionising radiation; beta, pages 198, 199, 201, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac262 ''Ionising radiation; beta, pages 44, 45, 47, 48, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Ionising radiation; dangers, page 137, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10015 ''Ionising radiation; dangers, pages 201, 228, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac263 ''Ionising radiation; dangers, pages 47, 48, 81, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Ionising radiation; gamma, pages 115, 122, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Ionising radiation; gamma, pages 127, 134, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10016 ''Ionising radiation; gamma, pages 198, 199, 201, 223, 225, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac264 ''Ionising radiation; gamma, pages 44, 45, 47-49, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Ionising radiation; uses, pages 138, 139, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac265 ''Ionising radiation; uses, pages 48, 80, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA ''] ====Edexcel==== :[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Ionising radiation, pages 136, 156, 157, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Ionising radiation, pages 168, 174-177, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Ionising radiation, pages 359, 363, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Ionising radiation, pages 43, 51-56, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Ionising radiation, pages 95, 99, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Ionising radiation; uses, pages 134, 135, 168-172, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel ''] ====OCR====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Ionising radiation, pages 192, 200, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Ionising radiations, pages 173, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']