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==Understanding the Modern World==

===America, 1840-1895: Expansion and Consolidation===

====Expansion: Opportunities and Challenges====

=====[[North America]]=====

*[[Geography]]

*[[Great American Desert]]

*[[Manifest Destiny]]

===[[Going West]]===

*[[Early American Settlers]]

*[[Mormons]]

**[[The Mountain Meadows Massacre]]

*[[Journey]]

*[[Pioneer Migrant Farmers]]

*[[Miners]]

===[[Plains Indians]]===

*[[Culture and Way of Life]]

*[[Early Government Policy]]

*[[Permanent Indian Frontier]]

*[[Relationship with the Plains Indians]]

===[[Conflict across America]]===

====[[Conflict on the Plains]]====

*[[Fort Laramie Treaty]]

*[[Policy of Concentration]]

*[[The Indian Wars]]

**[[Causes]]

**[[Consequences]]

*[[Sand Creek Massacre]]

*[[Fetterman’s Trap]]

===[[American Civil War]]===

*[[Differences between North and South]]

*[[Slavery]]

*[[Westwards Expansion]]

*[[Free States Abolitionism]]

*[[Missouri Compromise]]

*[[John Brown]]

*[[Abraham Lincoln]]

*[[Jefferson Davis]]

*[[Social impact of the Civil War]]

*[[Economic impact of the Civil War]]

===[[Aftermath of the Civil War]]===

*[[13th Amendment]]

*[[Civil Rights Act]]

*[[Rebuilding the South]]

*[[1866-1877]]

*[[Carpetbaggers]]

*[[Federal and State Powers]]

===[[Settlement of the West]]===

*[[The Homesteaders]]

*[[Why West?]]

*[[Government Actions and Laws]]

*[[Land and Railroads]]

*[[Farming Problems]]

**[[Farming Solutions]]

===[[The Resolution of the ‘Indian Problem’]]===

*[[The Small Reservations Policy]]

*[[Attitudes towards Native Americans]]

*[[Battle of the Little Big Horn]]

*[[The Dawes Act]]

*[[Battle of Wounded Knee]]

*[[The Closing of the Frontier]]

**[[The Impact on Native Americans]]

==Germany, 1890-1945: Democracy and dictatorship==

====Germany and the Growth of Democracy====

=====[[Ruling Germany]]=====

*[[Germany]]

*[[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]

*[[Difficulties in Ruling Germany]]

*[[Rise of Parliamentary Government]]

*[[Influence of Prussian Militarism]]

*[[Industrialisation in Germany]]

*[[Social Reform]]

**[[The Growth of Socialism]]

*[[Navy Laws]]

===[[WWI]]===

*[[War Weariness]]

*[[Economic Problems caused by WWI]]

*[[Defeat in WWI]]

*[[The End of German Monarchy]]

*[[The Crisis of 1923]]

**[[Reparations]]

**[[The Occupation of the Ruhr]]

**[[Hyperinflation]]

===[[Weimar Democracy]]===

*[[Political Change and Unrest in Germany, 1919-1923]]

**[[Spartacists]]

**[[Kapp Putsch]]

**[[Munich Putsch]]

*[[Economic Recovery and Developments under Stresemann]]

*[[Gustav Stresemann]]

**[[Reichsmark]]

**[[Dawes Plan]]

**[[Young Plan]]

**[[International Impact]]

*[[Weimar Culture]]

===[[Germany and the Depression]]===

*[[Great Depression]]

*[[Adolf Hitler]]

*[[National Socialism]]

*[[Rise of Extremism in Germany]]

**[[Right-Wing Extremism]]

**[[Rise of the National Socialists]]

***[[Role of the SA]]

*[[Hitler’s Appeal to the Masses]]

===[[The Failure of Weimar Democracy]]===

*[[Election Results]]

*[[Franz von Papen]]

*[[President Hindenburg]]

*[[Hitler becomes Chancellor]]

===[[Establishing Hitler’s Dictatorship]]===

*[[Reichstag Fire]]

*[[Enabling Act]]

*[[Elimination of Political Opposition]]

*[[Trade Unions in Germany]]

*[[Ernst Rohm]]

*[[Night of the Long Knives]]

*[[Führer]]

===The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis===

====[[Economic Changes under the Nazis]]====

*[[Economic Benefits]]

*[[Economic Drawbacks]]

*[[Employment under the Nazis]]

**[[Public Works Programmes]]

*[[Rearmament]]

*[[Self-Sufficiency]]

*[[Economy during the War]]

===[[The Impact of War on the German People]]===

*[[Bombing]]

*[[Rationing]]

*[[Labour Shortages]]

*[[Refugees]]

===[[Social Policy under the Nazis]]===

*[[Joseph Goebbels]]

*[[Nazi Propaganda]]

*[[Censorship under the Nazis]]

*[[Nazi Culture]]

*[[Repression and the Police State]]

*[[Heinrich Himmler]]

*[[SS]]

*[[Gestapo]]

===[[Opposition to the Nazis]]===

*[[White Rose Group]]

*[[Swing Youth]]

*[[Edelweiss Pirates]]

*[[Stauffenberg Plot]]

==Russia, 1894-1945: Tsardom and Communism==

===The End of Tsardom===

====[[Russian Economy and Society]]====

*[[Russia]]

*[[Tsardom]]

*[[Absolutism]]

*[[Russian Industrialisation]]

*[[Living and Working in Russia]]

===[[Nicholas II]]===

*[[Autocracy in Russia]]

*[[Nicholas’ Court]]

===[[Revolutionary Tensions in Russia]]===

*[[Revolution]]

*[[Growth of Revolutionary Tensions]]

*[[1905 Russian Revolution]]

*[[October Manifesto]]

*[[Attempts to reform Russia]]

*[[Dumas]]

*[[Pyotr Stolypin]]

**[[Stolypin’s Policies]]

===[[WWI]]===

*[[Impact of WWI on Tsarist Government]]

*[[Social Effects of WWI in Russia]]

*[[Economic Effects of WWI in Russia]]

*[[Unpopularity of the Romanovs]]

**[[Rasputin]]

*[[Abdication of Nicholas I]]

===Lenin’s New Society===

====[[The Provisional Government]]====

*[[Communism]]

**[[Karl Marx]]

*[[Bolshevism]]

*[[Failure to deal with Russia’s problems]]

**[[Social]]

**[[Economic]]

**[[Military]]

*[[Leon Trotsky]]

*[[Vladimir Lenin]]

*[[Rise of the Bolsheviks]]

*[[October Revolution]]

===[[Lenin’s Dictatorship]]===

*[[Dictatorship]]

*[[USSR]]

*[[End of WWI]]

*[[Cheka]]

*[[Red Army]]

*[[Russian Civil War]]

**[[Causes]]

**[[Events]]

**[[Consequences]]

*[[Bolshevik Propaganda]]

===[[Social and Economic Developments under Bolshevism]]===

*[[War Communism]]

*[[Kronstadt Rising]]

*[[New Economic Policy]]

*[[Achievements of Lenin and Trostsky]]

===Stalin’s USSR===

====[[Joseph Stalin]]====

*[[Lenin’s Succession]]

*[[Communist Control of Government]]

*[[Red Terror]]

*[[The Purges]]

*[[Stalin’s Army]]

*[[Stalin’s Secret Police]]

*[[Labour Camps under Stalin]]

*[[Censorship under Stalin]]

*[[Stalin’s Cult of Personality]]

*[[Propaganda under Stalin]]

===[[Stalin’s Modernisation of the USSR]]===

*[[Collectivisation]]

*[[Five Year Plans]]

*[[Kulaks]]

**[[Social and Economic Consequences for Kulaks]]

*[[Society under Stalin]]

**[[City Dwellers under Stalin]]

**[[Women under Stalin]]

**[[Workers under Stalin]]

*[[Results of Modernisation]]

===[[Impact of WWII on USSR]]===

*[[Stalin’s Wartime Leadership]]

*[[Great Patriotic War]]

*[[Problems caused by WWII in Russia]]

**[[Economic Effects of WWII in Russia]]

**[[Social Effects of WWII in Russia]]

**[[Political Effects of WWII in Russia]]

==America,1920-1973: Opportunity and Inequality==

===American People and ‘The Boom’===

====[[The ‘Boom’]]====

*[[Stock Market]]

**[[Wall Street]]

*[[Benefits of the ‘Boom’]]

*[[Advertising and Consumer Society in 1920s America]]

*[[Hire Purchase]]

*[[Mass Production]]

**[[Ford and the Motor Industry]]

*[[Wealth Inequality]]

**[[Wealth Inequality in 1920s America]]

*[[Republican Government Policies, 1920s]]

**[[Republican Party]]

*[[Stock Market Boom]]

===[[Social and Cultural Developments in 1920s America]]===

*[[Entertainment in 1920s America]]

**[[Cinema]]

**[[Jazz]]

*[[Women in 1920s American Society]]

**[[Flappers]]

*[[Organised Crime]]

*[[Prohibition]]

**[[Impact of Prohibition on Society]]

*[[Racism in 1920s America]]

**[[Causes of Racism in 1920s America]]

**[[Klu Klux Klan (KKK)]]

*[[Immigrants in 1920s America]]

**[[Impacts of Immigrants on American Society]]

*[[Red Scare]]

**[[Sacco and Vanzetti Case]]

===Bust - American’s Experiences of the Depression and New Deal===

====[[American Society during the Great Depression]]====

*[[Unemployment during the Great Depression]]

*[[Farming during the Great Depression]]

*[[Businessmen during the Great Depression]]

*[[Herbert Hoover]]

**[[Hoover’s Responses]]

**[[Hoover’s Unpopularity]]

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]

**[[Roosevelt’s Election]]

*[[New Deal]]

**[[Effects of the New Deal on Society]]

**[[Successes of the New Deal]]

**[[Limitations of the New Deal]]

**[[Opposition to the New Deal from Supreme Court]]

***[[Supreme Court]]

*[[Republicans]]

**[[Radical Politicians]]

*[[Roosevelt as President]]

*[[Pop Culture in Pre-War America]]

===[[Impact of WWII]]===

*[[WWII]]

*[[Impacts of WWII on America]]

*[[America’s Economic Recovery]]

*[[Lend Lease]]

*[[Exports in Post-War America]]

*[[Social Developments in Post-War America]]

**[[Experiences of African-Americans in Post-War America]]

**[[Experiences of Women in Post-War America]]

===Post-War America===

====[[Post-War American Society and Economy]]====

*[[Consumerism]]

*[[Causes of Prosperity in Post-War America]]

*[[The American Dream]]

*[[McCarthyism]]

*[[Popular Culture in Post-War America]]

**[[Rock and Roll Music]]

**[[Television]]

===[[Civil Rights Movement]]===

*[[Segregation Laws]]

*[[Martin Luther King]]

*[[Peaceful Protest]]

*[[Malcolm X]]

*[[Black Power Movement]]

*[[Civil Rights Act 1964]]

*[[Civil Rights Act 1968]]

===[[America and the ‘Great Society’]]===

*[[John F. Kennedy]]

**[[Kennedy’s Social Policies]]

*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]

**[[Johnson’s Social Policies]]

*[[Feminism in 1960s and ‘70s America]]

**[[Fight for Equal Pay in 1960s and ‘70s America]]

**[[National Organisation for Women]]

**[[Roe v Wade (1973)]]

**[[Supreme Court Ruling on Equal Rights (1972)]]

**[[Opposition to Equal Rights Amendment]]

==Conflict and Tension: the First World War, 1894-1918==

===The Causes of the First World War===

====[[The Alliance System]]====

*[[WWI]]

*[[The Triple Alliance]]

**[[Germany]]

**[[Austria-Hungary]]

**[[Italy]]

*[[Franco-Russian Alliance]]

**[[France]]

**[[Russia]]

*[[Relations between the ‘Entente’ powers]]

**[[Entente]]

*[[Moroccan Crises (1905 and 1911)]]

**[[Moroccan Crises Effect on International Relations]]

*[[Crisis in the Balkans (1908-1909)]]

**[[Balkan Crisis Effect on International Relations]]

===[[Anglo-German Rivalry]====

**[[Great Britian]]

*[[Splendid Isolation]]

**[[Challenges to Splendid Isolation]]

*[[Kaiser Wilhelm’s Foreign Policy]]

**[[Weltpolitik]]

*[[Colonial Tensions between Britain and Germany]]

*[[European Rearmament pre-WWI]]

**[[Anglo-German Naval Race]]

===[[Outbreak of WWI]]===

*[[Slav Nationalism]]

*[[Serbia]]

**[[Relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary]]

*[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]

**[[The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand]]

*[[July Crisis]]

*[[Schlieffen Plan]]

*[[Why WWI broke out]]

*[[How WWI went from Tension to War]]

===WWI: Stalemate===

====[[Schlieffen Plan]]===

*[[Reasons for the Schlieffen Plan]]

*[[Failure of the Schlieffen Plan]]

**[[Battle of the Marne]]

===[[The Western Front]]===

*[[WWI Military Tactics and Technology]]

**[[Trench Warfare]]

*[[War of Attrition]]

*[[Key Battle of WWI]]

**[Verdun]

**[[The Somme]

**[[Passchendaele]]

===[[WWI on a Wider Scale]]===

*[[Other Fronts to WWI]]

*[[Gallipoli]]

*[[WWI at Sea]]

**[[Jutland]]

**[[U-Boat Campaign]]

===Ending WWI===

*[[Changes in the Allied Forces during WWI]]

*[[October Revolution]]

**[[Withdrawal of Russia from WWI]]

*[[Entry of the USA into WWI]]

===[[Military Developments in 1918]]====

*[[How Military Developments helped Defeat Germany in 1918]]

*[[Evolution of Military Tactics and Technology through WWI]]

*[[Ludendorff]]

*[[German Spring Offensive]]

*[[Allied Advance during The Hundred Days]]

===[[Germany Surrenders]]===

*[[Impact of the Blockade]]

*[[Abdication of the Kaiser]]

**[[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]

*[[Armistice]]

*[[Field Marshall Douglas Haig]]

*[[Ferdinand Foch]]

==Conflict and Tension: The Inter-War Years, 1918-1939==

===Peacemaking===

====[[Armistice]]====

*[[Aims of the Peacemakers]]

*[[Woodrow Wilson]]

**[[Fourteen Points]]

*[[Georges Clemenceau]]

*[[David Lloyd George]]

*[[Success of the Peacemakers]]

===[[Treaty of Versailles]]===

*[[Diktat]]

*[[Changes in Territory post-WWI]]

*[[Military Restrictions post-WWI]]

*[[War Guilt]]

*[[Reparations]]

**[[WWI Reparations]]

===The League of Nations===

*[[League of Nations]]

**[[Formation of the League of Nations]]

**[[Organisation of the League of Nations]]

**[[Membership of the League of Nations]]

**[[Powers of the League of Nations]]

**[[Agencies of the League of Nations]]

**[[Contributions of the League of Nations to Peace in the 1920s]]

***[[Aaland Islands]]

***[[Upper Silesia]]

***[[Vilna]]

***[[Corfu]]

***[[Bulgaria]]

*[[Locarno Treaties]]

*[[Kellogg-Briand Pact]]

===[[The Collapse of the League of Nations]]===

*[[Great Depression]]

**[[Effects of the Great Depression on the League of Nations]]

*[[Manchurian Crisis]]

**[[Manchuria]]

*[[Abyssinian Crisis]]

**[[Abyssinia]]

*[[Failure of the League of Nations to stop WWII]]]

===Origins and Outbreak of the Second World War===

====[[Development of Tension pre-WWII]]

*[[WWII]]

*[[Adolf Hitler]]

**[[Hitler’s Aims]]

**[[Allied Reaction to Hitler]]

*[[Dolfuss Affair]]

*[[Saar]]

*[[German Rearmament]]

**[[German Conscription pre-WWII]]

*[[Stresa Front]]

*[[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]]

===[[Escalation of Tension Pre-WWII]]===

*[[Remilitarisation of the Rhineland]]

*[[Benito Mussolini]]

*[[Axis Forces]]

*[[Anti-Comintern Pact]]

*[[Anschluss]]

*[[Appeasement]]

*[[Sudetenland Crisis]]

*[[End of Appeasement]]

===[[Outbreak of War]]===

*[[Occupation of Czechoslovakia]]

**[[Czechoslovakia]]

*[[Role of the USSR in WWII]]

**[[USSR]]

**[[Nazi-Soviet Pact]]

*[[Invasion of Poland]]

*[[Outbreak of WWII]]

*[[September 1939]]

*[[What caused WWII to break out?]]

**[[Adolf Hitler]]

**[[Joseph Stalin]]

**[[Neville Chamberlain]]

George Simms

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