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|+ The size of an instrument can affect the pitch. Bigger instruments make a lower pitch sound.
|-
|[[File:SaxophoneSoprano.png|center|200px125px]]|[[File:SaxophoneAlto.png|center|200px125px]]|[[File:SaxophoneTenor.png|center|250px150px]]|[[File:SaxophoneBass.png|center|200px125px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px125px; text-align:center;" |A small 'soprano' saxophone makes a high [[Pitch|pitched]] '''sound'''.| style="height:20px; width:200px125px; text-align:center;" |An 'alto' saxophone makes the second highest [[pitch]].| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |A tenor saxophone makes the second lowest [[pitch]].| style="height:20px; width:200px125px; text-align:center;" |A large 'bass' saxophone makes a low [[Pitch|pitched]] '''sound'''.
|}
|+ The bigger the [[vibration]], the louder the sound.
|-
|[[File:Drumkit.png|center|300px200px]]|[[File:GuitarStrings.png|center|300px200px]]|[[File:Tuba.png|center|300px200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px200px; text-align:center;" |When you hit a drum hard, it makes a louder '''sound''' because the [[vibration]] is bigger.| style="height:20px; width:300px200px; text-align:center;" |When you pluck a guitar string harder, it makes a louder '''sound''' because the [[vibration]] is bigger.| style="height:20px; width:300px200px; text-align:center;" |Blow harder down a tube it makes a louder '''sound''' because the [[vibration]] is bigger.
|}
===About Sound===
: [[Sound]] is a [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal wave]] because the direction of [[vibration]] of the [[particle]]s is [[parallel]] to the direction of motion of the [[wave]].
: [[Sound]] is caused by [[object]]s [[Vibration|vibrating]]. The [[vibration]] is then passed through a [[medium]] as a [[wave]] of [[compression]].
: [[Sound]] is transmitted by [[particle]]s colliding with one another.
|[[File:VibrateSound1.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This animation shows a [[speaker]] creating a [[sound ]] by making a [[wave]] of compression (dark grey) that passes through the [[air]].
|}
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen6.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a high [[amplitude ]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a high [[Volume (Sound)|volume]], so it is loud.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a low [[amplitude ]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a low [[Volume (Sound)|volume ]] so it is quiet.
|}
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen3.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a low [[frequency ]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a low pitch, so it is a deep [[sound]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a high [[frequency ]] [[wave ]] showing a [[sound]] with a high [[pitch]].
|}
: [[Sound]] is [[Absorb (physics)|absorbed]] by soft [[material]]s.
: [[Absorb (physics)|Absorbing]] [[sound]]s is useful in ear defenders and [[sound]] studios where it is important to reduce the [[sound]] that gets past.
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Sound]] is a [[longitudinal]] [[wave]] of [[compression]] and [[rarefaction]] that [[Energy Transfer|transfers energy]] and [[information]] through a [[medium]].
===About Sound===
: [[Sound]] is a [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal wave]] because the direction of [[vibration]] of the [[particle]]s is [[parallel]] to the direction of motion of the [[wave]].
: [[Sound]] is caused by [[object]]s [[Vibration|vibrating]]. The [[vibration]] is then passed through a [[medium]] as a [[wave]] of [[compression]] and [[rarefaction]].
: [[Sound]] [[wave]]s like all [[wave]]s, carry [[energy]] and [[information]] but they do not [[transfer]] [[mass]] from one location to another.
: [[Sound]] is transmitted due to [[particle]]s colliding with one another.
: The [[speed]] of [[sound]] through [[air]] is 340[[m/s]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:LongitudinalWave.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is animation shows how [[sound]] travels along a [[material]] through the [[collision]] of [[particle]]s with one another.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Sound Waves'''
|-
|[[File:VibrateSound1.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This animation shows a [[speaker]] creating a [[sound]] by making a [[wave]] of [[compression]] (dark grey) that passes through the [[air]].
|}
===Medium===
: [[Sound]] [[wave]]s can pass through [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es but [[sound]] cannot pass through a [[vacuum]].
: [[Sound]] travels fastest through a [[solid]] because the [[particle]]s are already touching so they have little distance to travel to pass on the [[vibration]].
: [[Sound]] travels the slowest through a [[gas]] because the [[particle]]s in a [[gas]] are spread far apart so they take some time before they [[collide]] with the next [[particle]] to pass on the [[vibration]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] showing the '''particle model''' for [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.
|}
===The Interface between Media===
: When [[sound]] meets the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]] it can be [[transmitted]] (and [[refracted]]), [[reflected]] or [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]].
: When [[sound]] is [[transmitted]] from one [[medium]] into another it changes [[speed]] and [[wavelength]] but it's [[frequency]] remains constant. The change in [[Wave Speed|wave speed]] causes [[refraction]] in which the [[wave]] changes direction. - This is used in [[Ultrasound Imaging]].
: When [[sound]] is [[reflected]] form a surface this is because the difference between density of the two [[media]] is large. The [[sound]] bounces off the [[interface]] following the [[Law of Reflection|law of reflection]] and is heard as an [[echo]]. - This is used in [[Echo Location]] and [[Ultrasound Imaging]].
: When [[sound]] is [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] the [[energy]] is [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] into the [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy store]] of a [[material]]. - This is used in is ear defenders and [[sound]] studios where it is important to reduce the [[sound]] that gets past an [[interface]].
===Sound Volume===
: The [[Volume (Sound)|volume]] of a [[sound]] is how loud or quiet it is.
: [[Volume (Sound)|Volume]] is determined by the [[amplitude]] of the [[wave]] the maximum [[displacement]] of the [[wave]] from its [[Equilibrium Position (Physics)|equilibrium position]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Longitudinal Wave]]s cannot be easily pictured so they are represented by [[Transverse Wave]]s on an [[Oscilloscope]] screen.
|-
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen4.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen5.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen6.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a high [[amplitude]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a high [[Volume (Sound)|volume]], so it is loud.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a low [[amplitude]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a low [[Volume (Sound)|volume]] so it is quiet.
|}
===Pitch===
: A [[sound]] can be a high [[pitch]] or low [[pitch]].
: Pitch is determined by the [[frequency]] of the [[wave]] (how quickly the wave [[Vibration|vibrates]]).
: The [[frequency]] of a [[sound]] [[wave]] is [[measure]]s in [[Hertz]] ([[Hz]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Longitudinal Wave]]s cannot be easily pictured so they are represented by [[Transverse Wave]]s on an [[Oscilloscope]] screen.
|-
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen1.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen2.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:OscilloscopeScreen3.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a low [[frequency]] wave showing a [[sound]] with a low pitch, so it is a deep [[sound]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a high [[frequency]] [[wave]] showing a [[sound]] with a high [[pitch]].
|}
===References===
====AQA====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Sound, page 188, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Sound, pages 225, 279, 280, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Sound, speed of, pages 185-6, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Sound, speed of, pages 259, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Sound; speed of, pages 198-9, 207, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Sound; speed, pages 148, 191, 192, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Sound; speed, pages 179, 228, 229, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Sound; wave, pages 190-1, 206-7, 213, 256-7, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
====Edexcel====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Sound, pages 103, 104, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Sound; amplification, page 58, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Sound; infrasound, page 109, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Sound; reflection, page 58, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Sound; speed, pages 23, 95, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Sound; transmission, page 58, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Sound; ultrasound, pages 106-108, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Sound, page 187, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Sound, pages 59, 60, 64, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']