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{{mergefromUse dmy dates|Niche adaptationdate=February 2015}}{{chembox| Verifiedfields = changed| Watchedfields = changed| verifiedrevid = 477003420| Name = Calcium carbonate| ImageFileL1 = calcium carbonate.png| ImageFileR1 = Calcium-carbonate-xtal-3D-SF.png| ImageFile2 = Calcium carbonate.jpg| IUPACName = Calcium carbonate|discussOtherNames =Talk:Niche_adaptation[[calcite]]; [[aragonite]]; [[chalk]]; [[Lime (material)]]; [[Limestone]]; [[marble]]; [[oyster]]; [[pearl]]; |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers|dateUNII_Ref =July 2018{{fdacite|correct|FDA}}| UNII = H0G9379FGK| ChEMBL_Ref = {{Aboutebicite|changed|the evolutionary processEBI}}| ChEMBL = 1200539| KEGG_Ref = {{distinguishkeggcite|Adoptioncorrect|Acclimatizationkegg}}| KEGG = D00932| InChI = 1/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2| ChEBI_Ref = {{Evolutionary biologyebicite|correct|EBI}}In | ChEBI = 3311| SMILES = [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O| InChIKey = VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-NUQVWONBAS| SMILES1 = C(=O)([biologyO-])[O-].[Ca+2]| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2, '''adaptation''' has three related meanings2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}| StdInChIKey = VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L| CASNo = 471-34-1| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}| ChemSpiderID = 9708| EINECS = 207-439-9| PubChem = 10112| RTECS = FF9335000}}|Section2={{Chembox Properties| Formula = CaCO<sub>3</sub>| MolarMass = 100. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process that fits 0869 g/mol| Appearance = Fine white powder; chalky taste| Odor = odorless| Density = 2.711 g/cm<sup>3</sup> ([[organismcalcite]]s to their environment, enhancing their )<br />2.83 g/cm<sup>3</sup> ([[Fitness aragonite]])| Solubility = 0.013 g/L (biology25 °C)<ref>{{cite book|evolutionary fitness]]title=SI Chemical Data Book (4th ed.) |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Secondly|author1=Aylward, Gordon |author2=Findlay, it is a state reached by Tristan |isbn=978-0-470-81638-7|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Calcium Carbonate: From the population during that processCretaceous Period Into the 21st Century|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbkKGa19k5QC&pg=RA1-PR2|author=Rohleder, J. |author2=Kroker, E. |isbn=3-7643-6425-4}}</ref>| SolubilityProduct = 3.3{{e|-9}}<ref>{{cite book|last =Benjamin|first=Mark M.|year=2002|title=Water Chemistry |publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn =0-07-238390-9|url=https://books.google. Thirdlycom/?id=67anQgAACAAJ}}</ref>| Solvent = dilute acids| SolubleOther = soluble| MeltingPt = 1, it is a 339 °C (2,442 °F; 1,612 K) (calcite) <br> 825 °C (1517 °F; 1,098 K) (aragonite) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0090.pdf|title=Occupational safety and health guideline for calcium carbonate|publisher=US Dept. of Health and Human Services|accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref>| BoilingPt = decomposes| RefractIndex = 1.59| pKa = 9.0| pKb =| MagSus = -38.2·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol}}|Section3={{Chembox Structure| CrystalStruct = Trigonal| SpaceGroup = <span style="text-decoration: overline">3</span>2/m}}|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry| DeltaHf = −1207 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 0-618-94690-X|page=A21}}</ref>| Entropy = 93 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1 /> }}|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology| ATCCode_prefix = A02| ATCCode_suffix = AC01| ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|A12|AA04}}}}|Section7={{Chembox Hazards| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1193.htm ICSC 1193]| MainHazards =| NFPA-H = 0| NFPA-F = 0| NFPA-R = 0| NFPA-S =| RPhrases =| SPhrases =| LD50 = 6450 mg/kg (oral, rat)| PEL = TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<ref>{{PGCH|0090}}</ref>}}|Section8={{Chembox Related| OtherAnions = [[phenotypic traitCalcium bicarbonate]]|phenotypicOtherCations = [[Magnesium carbonate]] or '''adaptive trait''', with a functional role in each individual organism, that is maintained and has been <br />[[Strontium carbonate]]<br />[[evolutionBarium carbonate]]|evolvedOtherCompounds = [[Calcium sulfate]] by }}}}[[natural selectionFile:Calcite.png|thumb|right|Crystal structure of calcite]].
==History Chemistry=={{Main|History Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of evolutionary thought}}other carbonates. Notably,* it reacts with [[acid]]s, releasing [[carbon dioxide]]::CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) → Ca<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)* it releases carbon dioxide upon heating, called a [[thermal decomposition]] reaction, or [[calcination]] (to above 840 °C in the case of CaCO<sub>3</sub>), to form [[calcium oxide]], commonly called [[quicklime]], with reaction [[enthalpy]] 178 kJ/mole::CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g)
==Structure==The thermodynamically stable form of CaCO<sub>3</sub> under normal conditions is hexagonal β-CaCO<sub>3</sub>, (the mineral [[calcite]]).<ref name ="Ropp">{{Quotationcite book|''The significance last=R C Ropp Elsevier|title=Encyclopedia of an adaptation the alkaline earth compounds|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444595508|pages=359–370}}</ref> Other forms can only be understood in relation to prepared, the total biology of denser,(2.83 g/cc) orthorhombic λ-CaCO<sub>3</sub> ( the species.''|mineral [[Julian Huxleyaragonite]]|'') and μ-CaCO<sub>3</sub>, occurring as the mineral [[Evolution: The Modern Synthesisvaterite]]''.<ref name ="Ropp"/> The aragonite form can be prepared by precipitation at temperatures above 85 °C, the vaterite form can be prepared by precipitation at 60 °C.<ref name ="Ropp"/> Calcite contains calcium atoms coordinated by 6 oxygen atoms, in aragonite they are coordinated by 9 oxygen atoms.<refname ="Ropp"/> The vaterite structure is not fully understood.<ref name="DemichelisRaiteri2013">{{harvnbcite journal|last1=Demichelis|first1=Raffaella|last2=Raiteri|first2=Paolo|last3=Gale|first3=Julian D.|last4=Dovesi|first4=Roberto|title=The Multiple Structures of Vaterite|journal=Crystal Growth & Design|volume=13|Huxleyissue=6|1942year=2013|ppages=4492247–2251|issn=1528-7483|doi=10.1021/cg4002972}}</ref>}}Magnesium carbonate MgCO<sub>3</sub> has the calcite structure, whereas strontium and barium carbonate (SrCO<sub>3</sub> and BaCO<sub>3</sub>) adopt the aragonite structure, reflecting their larger ionic radii.<ref name ="Ropp"/>
==Occurrence=What adaptation is===Adaptation is primarily a process rather than a physical form or part of a body.<ref>{{harvnb|Mayr|1982|p=483}}: "Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process."</ref> An internal [[parasite]] (such as a [[liver fluke]]) can illustrate the distinction: such a parasite may have a very simple bodily structure, but nevertheless the organism is highly adapted to its specific environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the [[biological life cycle|life cycle]], which is often quite complex.<ref>{{harvnb |Price |1980}}</ref> However, as a practical term, "adaptation" often refers to a ''product'': those features of a [[species]] which result from the process. Many aspects of an animal or plant can be correctly called adaptations, though there are always some features whose function remains in doubt. By using the term ''adaptation'' for the evolutionary ''process'', and ''adaptive trait'' for the bodily part or function (the product), one may distinguish the two different senses of the word.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Daintith |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Martin |editor2-first=Elizabeth A. |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Science |title=adaptation |origyear=First published 1984 as ''Concise Science Dictionary'' |edition=6th |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |series=Oxford Paperback Reference |isbn=978-0-19-956146-9 |lccn=2010287468 |oclc=444383696 |page=13 |quote=Any change in the structure or functioning of successive generations of a population that makes it better suited to its environment.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb |Bowler |2003 |p=10}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb |Patterson |1999 |p=1}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb |Williams |1966 |p=5}}: "Evolutionary adaptation is a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology."</ref>
===What adaptation is notExtraterrestrial===Beyond Earth, strong evidence suggests the presence of calcium carbonate on [[File:Tampering_W_Nature_GuacharacasMars]].jpg|right|thumb|Some Signs of calcium carbonate have been detected at more than one location (notably at [[Generalist and specialist speciesGusev crater|generalistsGusev]], such as and [[birdHuygens (crater)|Huygens]]scraters). This provides some evidence for the past presence of liquid water.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Boynton |first1=WV| last2=Ming |first2=DW| last3=Kounaves |first3=SP| last4=Young |first4=SM| last5=Arvidson |first5=RE| last6=Hecht |first6=MH| last7=Hoffman |first7=J| last8=Niles |first8=PB| last9=Hamara |first9=DK| last10=Quinn| first10=R. C.| last11=Smith| first11=P. H.| last12=Sutter| first12=B| last13=Catling| first13=D. C.| last14=Morris| first14=R. V.| title=Evidence for Calcium Carbonate at the Mars Phoenix Landing Site| url=http://planetary.chem.tufts.edu/Boynton%20etal%20Science%202009v325p61.pdf| journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5936 |pages= 61–64| year=2009 |pmid=19574384 |bibcode=2009Sci...325...61B| display-authors=3| doi=10.1126/science.1172768| doi-broken-date=2017-01-31 }}</ref><ref name=Clark2007>{{cite journal| author1=Clark| year=2007| title=Evidence for montmorillonite or its compositional equivalent in Columbia Hills, have the flexibility to adapt to Mars| journal=[[urban areaJournal of Geophysical Research]]s| volume=112 |pages=E06S01| doi=10.1029/2006JE002756| last2=Arvidson| first2=R. E.| last3=Gellert| first3=R.| last4=Morris| first4=R. V.| last5=Ming| first5=D. W.| last6=Richter| first6=L.| last7=Ruff| first7=S. W.]]| last8=Michalski| first8=J. R.| last9=Farrand| first9=W. H.| last10=Yen| first10=A.| last11=Herkenhoff| first11=K. E.| last12=Li| first12=R.| last13=Squyres| first13=S. W.| last14=Schröder| first14=C.| last15=Klingelhöfer| first15=G.| last16=Bell| first16=J. F.| bibcode = 2007JGRE..112.6S01C| displayauthors=3 | url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/17119/1/Clark2007_Evidence_for_montmorillonite_or_its_compositional_equivalent_in_Columbia_Hills_Mars.pdf}}</ref>
===Adaptedness and fitness Carbonate compensation depth===The [[File:fitness-landscape-cartoon.png|thumb|In this sketch of a [[fitness landscapecarbonate compensation depth]], a population can evolve (CCD) is the point in the ocean where the rate of precipitation of calcium carbonate is balanced by following the arrows rate of dissolution due to the adaptive peak at point Bconditions present. Deep in the ocean, the temperature drops and pressure increases. Calcium carbonate is unusual in that its solubility increases with decreasing temperature. Increasing pressure also increases the points A and C are local optima where a population could become trappedsolubility of calcium carbonate. The carbonate compensation depth can range from 4–6 km below sea level.]]{{Main|Fitness (biology)|Fitness landscape}}
===Genetic basisIndustrial applications===A large diversity of genome [[DNA]]s in a species is the basis for adaptation and differentiation. A large population is needed to carry sufficient diversity. According to the misrepair-accumulation aging theory,<ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Wang |first1=Jicun |last2=Michelitsch |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Wunderlin |first3=Arne |last4=Mahadeva |first4=Ravi |eprint=0904.0575 |title=Aging as a consequence of misrepair—A novel theory of aging |class=q-bio.TO |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Wang-Michelitsch |first1=Jicun |last2=Michelitsch |first2=Thomas M. |eprint=1503.07163 |title=Aging as a process of accumulation of misrepairs |class=q-bio.TO |year=2015}}</ref> The misrepair mechanism is important in maintaining a sufficient number of individuals in a species.<ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Wang-Michelitsch |first1=Jicun |last2=Michelitsch |first2=Thomas M. |eprint=1505.03900 |title=Misrepair mechanism: a mechanism essential for individual adaptation, species adaptation and species evolution |class=q-bio.TO |year=2015}}</ref> misrepair is a way of repair for increasing the surviving chance of an organism when it has severe injuries. Without misrepairs, no individual could survive to reproduction age. Thus misrepair mechanism is an essential mechanism for the survival of a species and for maintaining the number of individuals. Although individuals die from aging, genome DNAs are being recopied and transmitted by individuals generation by generation. In addition, the DNA misrepairs in germ cells contribute also to the diversity of genome DNAs.
Calcium carbonate has traditionally been a major component of blackboard chalk. However, modern manufactured chalk is mostly [[Leigh Van Valengypsum]] thought that even in a stable environment, competing species constantly had to adapt to maintain their relative standinghydrated [[calcium sulfate]] CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O. This became known as the Calcium carbonate is a main source for growing [[Red Queen hypothesisSeacrete]], as seen in host-or [[parasiteBiorock]] interaction. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), pre-dispersed in slurry form, is a common filler material for latex gloves with the aim of achieving maximum saving in material and production costs.<refname=precaco3>{{cite journal web|title=Precipitated Calcium Carbonate uses |doiurl=10http://www.1126aristocratholding.com/sciadvcalris-5.1501548 |last=Rabajante |first=J |title=Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes|journal=[[Science Advances]] |year=2016 html |volumedeadurl=2yes |pages=e1501548 |urlarchiveurl=httphttps://advancesweb.sciencemagarchive.org/contentweb/20140725032803/http:/2/3www.aristocratholding.com/e1501548 |displaycalris-authors=etal5.html |bibcodearchivedate=2016SciA....2E1548R25 July 2014 }}</ref>
As a [[food additive]] it is designated E170,<ref>{{Quotationcite web|title=Food-Info.net : E-numbers : E170 Calcium carbonate|''Since the phenotype url=http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e170.htm}} 080419 food-info.net</ref> and it has an INS number of 170. Used as a whole is the target of selectionan acidity regulator, anticaking agent, stabiliser or colour it is impossible to improve simultaneously all aspects of approved for usage in the phenotype to the same degreeEU,<ref>UK Food Standards Agency: {{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.''uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> USA<ref>US [[Ernst MayrFood and Drug Administration]]: {{cite web|[[The Growth url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/FoodAdditives/FoodAdditiveListings/ucm091048.htm |title=Listing of Biological ThoughtFood Additives Status Part I |The Growth of Biological Thoughtaccessdate=27 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314104055/http: Diversity, Evolution, //www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/FoodAdditives/FoodAdditiveListings/ucm091048.htm |archivedate=14 March 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[Australia]] and Inheritance[[New Zealand]].<ref>Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code{{harvnbcite web |Mayrurl=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |1982title=Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients |paccessdate=58927 October 2011}}</ref>It is used in some [[soy milk]] and [[almond milk]] products as a source of dietary calcium; one study suggests that calcium carbonate might be as [[bioavailable]] as the calcium in cow's milk.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 16177199| year = 2005| author1 = Zhao| first1 = Y| title = Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women| journal = The Journal of Nutrition| volume = 135| issue = 10| pages = 2379–82| last2 = Martin| first2 = B. R.| last3 = Weaver| first3 = C. M.}}</ref> Calcium carbonate is also used as a [[firming agent]] in many canned or bottled vegetable products.
===Co-option of existing traits: exaptation With varying CO<sub>2</sub> pressure===[[File:SinosauropteryxfossilCanarySpring.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2right|The feathers of ''[[SinosauropteryxTravertine]]'', calcium carbonate deposits from a dinosaur with feathers, were used for insulation, making them an [[exaptationhot spring]] for flight.]]{{main|Exaptation}}Calcium carbonate is poorly soluble in pure water (47 mg/L at normal atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure as shown below).
where the [[solubility product]] for [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] [CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>] is given as anywhere from ''K''<sub>sp</sub> =3.7×10<sup>−9</sup> to ''K''<sub>sp</sub> =Non-adaptive traits =8.7×10<sup>−9</sup> at 25 °C, depending upon the data source.<ref name =crc/><ref>{{maincite web|title = Selected Solubility Products and Formation Constants at 25 °C|publisher = [[California State University, Dominguez Hills]]|Spandrel url = http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/data-ksp.htm}}</ref> What the equation means is that the product of molar concentration of calcium ions ([[mole (biologyunit)|Vestigiality}}moles]] of dissolved Ca<sup>2+</sup> per liter of solution) with the molar concentration of dissolved CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> cannot exceed the value of ''K''<sub>sp</sub>. This seemingly simple solubility equation, however, must be taken along with the more complicated equilibrium of [[carbon dioxide]] with [[water]] (see [[carbonic acid]]). Some of the CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> combines with H<sup>+</sup> in the solution according to:
:{| width="500"| style=Philosophical issues=="width:50%; height:25px;"| H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>(dissolved) {{maineqm}} H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> |Adaptationism''K''<sub>h</sub> = 1.70×10<sup>−3</sup> at 25 °C|Teleology in biology}}
==See also==
{{Div div col|colwidth=30em22em}}* [[Adaptive evolution in the human genomeCuttlebone]]* [[Adaptive memoryCuttlefish]]* [[Adaptive mutationGesso]]* [[Adaptive systemLimescale]]* [[Anti-predator adaptationMarble]]* [[Body reactivity]]* [[Ecological trap]]* [[Evolutionary pressure]]* [[Evolvability]]* [[Intragenomic conflict]]* [[Neutral theory of molecular evolutionOcean acidification]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflistreflist|30em}} ==External links==* {{ICSC|1193|11}}* {{PubChemLink|516889}}* [[ATC codes]]: {{ATC|A02|AC01}} and {{ATC|A12|AA04}}* [http://calcium-carbonate.org.uk/calcium-carbonate.asp The British Calcium Carbonate Association – What is calcium carbonate]* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0090.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Calcium Carbonate]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcium Carbonate}}[[Category:Calcium compounds]][[Category:Carbonates]][[Category:Limestone]][[Category:Phosphate binders]][[Category:Excipients]][[Category:Antacids]][[Category:Evolutionary biologyFood stabilizers]]