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==History Key Stage 4==

==Understanding the Modern World==

===America, 1840-1895: Expansion and Consolidation===

====Expansion: Opportunities and Challenges====

=====[[North America]]=====

*[[Geography]]

*[[Great American Desert]]

*[[Manifest Destiny]]

===[[Going West]]===

*[[Early American Settlers]]

*[[Mormons]]

**[[The Mountain Meadows Massacre]]

*[[Journey]]

*[[Pioneer Migrant Farmers]]

*[[Miners]]

===[[Plains Indians]]===

*[[Culture and Way of Life]]

*[[Early Government Policy]]

*[[Permanent Indian Frontier]]

*[[Relationship with the Plains Indians]]

===[[Conflict across America]]===

====[[Conflict on the Plains]]====

*[[Fort Laramie Treaty]]

*[[Policy of Concentration]]

*[[The Indian Wars]]

**[[Causes]]

**[[Consequences]]

*[[Sand Creek Massacre]]

*[[Fetterman’s Trap]]

===[[American Civil War]]===

*[[Differences between North and South]]

*[[Slavery]]

*[[Westwards Expansion]]

*[[Free States Abolitionism]]

*[[Missouri Compromise]]

*[[John Brown]]

*[[Abraham Lincoln]]

*[[Jefferson Davis]]

*[[Social impact of the Civil War]]

*[[Economic impact of the Civil War]]

===[[Aftermath of the Civil War]]===

*[[13th Amendment]]

*[[Civil Rights Act]]

*[[Rebuilding the South]]

*[[1866-1877]]

*[[Carpetbaggers]]

*[[Federal and State Powers]]

===[[Settlement of the West]]===

*[[The Homesteaders]]

*[[Why West?]]

*[[Government Actions and Laws]]

*[[Land and Railroads]]

*[[Farming Problems]]

**[[Farming Solutions]]

===[[The Resolution of the ‘Indian Problem’]]===

*[[The Small Reservations Policy]]

*[[Attitudes towards Native Americans]]

*[[Battle of the Little Big Horn]]

*[[The Dawes Act]]

*[[Battle of Wounded Knee]]

*[[The Closing of the Frontier]]

**[[The Impact on Native Americans]]

==Germany, 1890-1945: Democracy and dictatorship==

====Germany and the Growth of Democracy====

=====[[Ruling Germany]]=====

*[[Germany]]

*[[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]

*[[Difficulties in Ruling Germany]]

*[[Rise of Parliamentary Government]]

*[[Influence of Prussian Militarism]]

*[[Industrialisation in Germany]]

*[[Social Reform]]

**[[The Growth of Socialism]]

*[[Navy Laws]]

===[[WWI]]===

*[[War Weariness]]

*[[Economic Problems caused by WWI]]

*[[Defeat in WWI]]

*[[The End of German Monarchy]]

*[[The Crisis of 1923]]

**[[Reparations]]

**[[The Occupation of the Ruhr]]

**[[Hyperinflation]]

===[[Weimar Democracy]]===

*[[Political Change and Unrest in Germany, 1919-1923]]

**[[Spartacists]]

**[[Kapp Putsch]]

**[[Munich Putsch]]

*[[Economic Recovery and Developments under Stresemann]]

*[[Gustav Stresemann]]

**[[Reichsmark]]

**[[Dawes Plan]]

**[[Young Plan]]

**[[International Impact]]

*[[Weimar Culture]]

===[[Germany and the Depression]]===

*[[Great Depression]]

*[[Adolf Hitler]]

*[[National Socialism]]

*[[Rise of Extremism in Germany]]

**[[Right-Wing Extremism]]

**[[Rise of the National Socialists]]

***[[Role of the SA]]

*[[Hitler’s Appeal to the Masses]]

===[[The Failure of Weimar Democracy]]===

*[[Election Results]]

*[[Franz von Papen]]

*[[President Hindenburg]]

*[[Hitler becomes Chancellor]]

===[[Establishing Hitler’s Dictatorship]]===

*[[Reichstag Fire]]

*[[Enabling Act]]

*[[Elimination of Political Opposition]]

*[[Trade Unions in Germany]]

*[[Ernst Rohm]]

*[[Night of the Long Knives]]

*[[Führer]]

===The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis===

====[[Economic Changes under the Nazis]]====

*[[Economic Benefits]]

*[[Economic Drawbacks]]

*[[Employment under the Nazis]]

**[[Public Works Programmes]]

*[[Rearmament]]

*[[Self-Sufficiency]]

*[[Economy during the War]]

===[[The Impact of War on the German People]]===

*[[Bombing]]

*[[Rationing]]

*[[Labour Shortages]]

*[[Refugees]]

===[[Social Policy under the Nazis]]===

*[[Joseph Goebbels]]

*[[Nazi Propaganda]]

*[[Censorship under the Nazis]]

*[[Nazi Culture]]

*[[Repression and the Police State]]

*[[Heinrich Himmler]]

*[[SS]]

*[[Gestapo]]

===[[Opposition to the Nazis]]===

*[[White Rose Group]]

*[[Swing Youth]]

*[[Edelweiss Pirates]]

*[[Stauffenberg Plot]]

==Russia, 1894-1945: Tsardom and Communism==

===The End of Tsardom===

====[[Russian Economy and Society]]====

*[[Russia]]

*[[Tsardom]]

*[[Absolutism]]

*[[Russian Industrialisation]]

*[[Living and Working in Russia]]

===[[Nicholas II]]===

*[[Autocracy in Russia]]

*[[Nicholas’ Court]]

===[[Revolutionary Tensions in Russia]]===

*[[Revolution]]

*[[Growth of Revolutionary Tensions]]

*[[1905 Russian Revolution]]

*[[October Manifesto]]

*[[Attempts to reform Russia]]

*[[Dumas]]

*[[Pyotr Stolypin]]

**[[Stolypin’s Policies]]

===[[WWI]]===

*[[Impact of WWI on Tsarist Government]]

*[[Social Effects of WWI in Russia]]

*[[Economic Effects of WWI in Russia]]

*[[Unpopularity of the Romanovs]]

**[[Rasputin]]

*[[Abdication of Nicholas I]]

===Lenin’s New Society===

====[[The Provisional Government]]====

*[[Communism]]

**[[Karl Marx]]

*[[Bolshevism]]

*[[Failure to deal with Russia’s problems]]

**[[Social]]

**[[Economic]]

**[[Military]]

*[[Leon Trotsky]]

*[[Vladimir Lenin]]

*[[Rise of the Bolsheviks]]

*[[October Revolution]]

===[[Lenin’s Dictatorship]]===

*[[Dictatorship]]

*[[USSR]]

*[[End of WWI]]

*[[Cheka]]

*[[Red Army]]

*[[Russian Civil War]]

**[[Causes]]

**[[Events]]

**[[Consequences]]

*[[Bolshevik Propaganda]]

===[[Social and Economic Developments under Bolshevism]]===

*[[War Communism]]

*[[Kronstadt Rising]]

*[[New Economic Policy]]

*[[Achievements of Lenin and Trostsky]]

===Stalin’s USSR===

====[[Joseph Stalin]]====

*[[Lenin’s Succession]]

*[[Communist Control of Government]]

*[[Red Terror]]

*[[The Purges]]

*[[Stalin’s Army]]

*[[Stalin’s Secret Police]]

*[[Labour Camps under Stalin]]

*[[Censorship under Stalin]]

*[[Stalin’s Cult of Personality]]

*[[Propaganda under Stalin]]

===[[Stalin’s Modernisation of the USSR]]===

*[[Collectivisation]]

*[[Five Year Plans]]

*[[Kulaks]]

**[[Social and Economic Consequences for Kulaks]]

*[[Society under Stalin]]

**[[City Dwellers under Stalin]]

**[[Women under Stalin]]

**[[Workers under Stalin]]

*[[Results of Modernisation]]

===[[Impact of WWII on USSR]]===

*[[Stalin’s Wartime Leadership]]

*[[Great Patriotic War]]

*[[Problems caused by WWII in Russia]]

**[[Economic Effects of WWII in Russia]]

**[[Social Effects of WWII in Russia]]

**[[Political Effects of WWII in Russia]]

==America,1920-1973: Opportunity and Inequality==

===American People and ‘The Boom’===

====[[The ‘Boom’]]====

*[[Stock Market]]

**[[Wall Street]]

*[[Benefits of the ‘Boom’]]

*[[Advertising and Consumer Society in 1920s America]]

*[[Hire Purchase]]

*[[Mass Production]]

**[[Ford and the Motor Industry]]

*[[Wealth Inequality]]

**[[Wealth Inequality in 1920s America]]

*[[Republican Government Policies, 1920s]]

**[[Republican Party]]

*[[Stock Market Boom]]

===[[Social and Cultural Developments in 1920s America]]===

*[[Entertainment in 1920s America]]

**[[Cinema]]

**[[Jazz]]

*[[Women in 1920s American Society]]

**[[Flappers]]

*[[Organised Crime]]

*[[Prohibition]]

**[[Impact of Prohibition on Society]]

*[[Racism in 1920s America]]

**[[Causes of Racism in 1920s America]]

**[[Klu Klux Klan (KKK)]]

*[[Immigrants in 1920s America]]

**[[Impacts of Immigrants on American Society]]

*[[Red Scare]]

**[[Sacco and Vanzetti Case]]

===Bust - American’s Experiences of the Depression and New Deal===

====[[American Society during the Great Depression]]====

*[[Unemployment during the Great Depression]]

*[[Farming during the Great Depression]]

*[[Businessmen during the Great Depression]]

*[[Herbert Hoover]]

**[[Hoover’s Responses]]

**[[Hoover’s Unpopularity]]

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]

**[[Roosevelt’s Election]]

*[[New Deal]]

**[[Effects of the New Deal on Society]]

**[[Successes of the New Deal]]

**[[Limitations of the New Deal]]

**[[Opposition to the New Deal from Supreme Court]]

***[[Supreme Court]]

*[[Republicans]]

**[[Radical Politicians]]

*[[Roosevelt as President]]

*[[Pop Culture in Pre-War America]]

===[[Impact of WWII]]===

*[[WWII]]

*[[Impacts of WWII on America]]

*[[America’s Economic Recovery]]

*[[Lend Lease]]

*[[Exports in Post-War America]]

*[[Social Developments in Post-War America]]

**[[Experiences of African-Americans in Post-War America]]

**[[Experiences of Women in Post-War America]]

===Post-War America===

====[[Post-War American Society and Economy]]====

*[[Consumerism]]

*[[Causes of Prosperity in Post-War America]]

*[[The American Dream]]

*[[McCarthyism]]

*[[Popular Culture in Post-War America]]

**[[Rock and Roll Music]]

**[[Television]]

===[[Civil Rights Movement]]===

*[[Segregation Laws]]

*[[Martin Luther King]]

*[[Peaceful Protest]]

*[[Malcolm X]]

*[[Black Power Movement]]

*[[Civil Rights Act 1964]]

*[[Civil Rights Act 1968]]

===[[America and the ‘Great Society’]]===

*[[John F. Kennedy]]

**[[Kennedy’s Social Policies]]

*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]

**[[Johnson’s Social Policies]]

*[[Feminism in 1960s and ‘70s America]]

**[[Fight for Equal Pay in 1960s and ‘70s America]]

**[[National Organisation for Women]]

**[[Roe v Wade (1973)]]

**[[Supreme Court Ruling on Equal Rights (1972)]]

**[[Opposition to Equal Rights Amendment]]

==Conflict and Tension: the First World War, 1894-1918==

===The Causes of the First World War===

====[[The Alliance System]]====

*[[WWI]]

*[[The Triple Alliance]]

**[[Germany]]

**[[Austria-Hungary]]

**[[Italy]]

*[[Franco-Russian Alliance]]

**[[France]]

**[[Russia]]

*[[Relations between the ‘Entente’ powers]]

**[[Entente]]

*[[Moroccan Crises (1905 and 1911)]]

**[[Moroccan Crises Effect on International Relations]]

*[[Crisis in the Balkans (1908-1909)]]

**[[Balkan Crisis Effect on International Relations]]

===[[Anglo-German Rivalry]]===

**[[Great Britian]]

*[[Splendid Isolation]]

**[[Challenges to Splendid Isolation]]

*[[Kaiser Wilhelm’s Foreign Policy]]

**[[Weltpolitik]]

*[[Colonial Tensions between Britain and Germany]]

*[[European Rearmament pre-WWI]]

**[[Anglo-German Naval Race]]

===[[Outbreak of WWI]]===

*[[Slav Nationalism]]

*[[Serbia]]

**[[Relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary]]

*[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]

**[[The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand]]

*[[July Crisis]]

*[[Schlieffen Plan]]

*[[Why WWI broke out]]

*[[How WWI went from Tension to War]]

===WWI: Stalemate===

====[[Schlieffen Plan]]====

*[[Reasons for the Schlieffen Plan]]

*[[Failure of the Schlieffen Plan]]

**[[Battle of the Marne]]

===[[The Western Front]]===

*[[WWI Military Tactics and Technology]]

**[[Trench Warfare]]

*[[War of Attrition]]

*[[Key Battle of WWI]]

**[[Verdun]]

**[[The Somme]]

**[[Passchendaele]]

===[[WWI on a Wider Scale]]===

*[[Other Fronts to WWI]]

*[[Gallipoli]]

*[[WWI at Sea]]

**[[Jutland]]

**[[U-Boat Campaign]]

===Ending WWI===

*[[Changes in the Allied Forces during WWI]]

*[[October Revolution]]

**[[Withdrawal of Russia from WWI]]

*[[Entry of the USA into WWI]]

===[[Military Developments in 1918]]===

*[[How Military Developments helped Defeat Germany in 1918]]

*[[Evolution of Military Tactics and Technology through WWI]]

*[[Ludendorff Offensive]]

*[[German Spring Offensive]]

*[[Allied Advance during The Hundred Days]]

===[[Germany Surrenders]]===

*[[Impact of the Blockade]]

*[[Abdication of the Kaiser]]

**[[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]

*[[Armistice]]

*[[Field Marshall Douglas Haig]]

*[[Ferdinand Foch]]

==Conflict and Tension: The Inter-War Years, 1918-1939==

===Peacemaking===

====[[Armistice]]====

*[[Aims of the Peacemakers]]

*[[Woodrow Wilson]]

**[[Fourteen Points]]

*[[Georges Clemenceau]]

*[[David Lloyd George]]

*[[Success of the Peacemakers]]

===[[Treaty of Versailles]]===

*[[Diktat]]

*[[Changes in Territory post-WWI]]

*[[Military Restrictions post-WWI]]

*[[War Guilt]]

*[[Reparations]]

**[[WWI Reparations]]

===The League of Nations===

*[[League of Nations]]

**[[Formation of the League of Nations]]

**[[Organisation of the League of Nations]]

**[[Membership of the League of Nations]]

**[[Powers of the League of Nations]]

**[[Agencies of the League of Nations]]

**[[Contributions of the League of Nations to Peace in the 1920s]]

***[[Aaland Islands]]

***[[Upper Silesia]]

***[[Vilna]]

***[[Corfu]]

***[[Bulgaria]]

*[[Locarno Treaties]]

*[[Kellogg-Briand Pact]]

===[[The Collapse of the League of Nations]]===

*[[Great Depression]]

**[[Effects of the Great Depression on the League of Nations]]

*[[Manchurian Crisis]]

**[[Manchuria]]

*[[Abyssinian Crisis]]

**[[Abyssinia]]

*[[Failure of the League of Nations to stop WWII]]

===Origins and Outbreak of the Second World War===

===[[Development of Tension pre-WWII]]===

*[[WWII]]

*[[Adolf Hitler]]

**[[Hitler’s Aims]]

**[[Allied Reaction to Hitler]]

*[[Dolfuss Affair]]

*[[Saar]]

*[[German Rearmament]]

**[[German Conscription pre-WWII]]

*[[Stresa Front]]

*[[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]]

===[[Escalation of Tension Pre-WWII]]===

*[[Remilitarisation of the Rhineland]]

*[[Benito Mussolini]]

*[[Axis Forces]]

*[[Anti-Comintern Pact]]

*[[Anschluss]]

*[[Appeasement]]

*[[Sudetenland Crisis]]

*[[End of Appeasement]]

===[[World War II#Outbreak of War|The Outbreak of World War II]]===

*[[Occupation of Czechoslovakia]]

**[[Czechoslovakia]]

*[[Role of the USSR in WWII]]

**[[USSR]]

**[[Nazi-Soviet Pact]]

*[[Invasion of Poland]]

*[[Outbreak of WWII]]

*[[September 1939]]

*[[World War II#What caused WWII to break out?|Causes of WWII]]

**[[Adolf Hitler]]

**[[Joseph Stalin]]

**[[Neville Chamberlain]]

==Conflict and Tension between East and West, 1945-1971==

===The Origins of the Cold War===

====[[End of WWII]]====

*[[Cold War]]

*[[Superpower]]

*[[Yalta Conference]]

*[[Potsdam Conference]]

*[[Tehran Conference]]

*[[Division of Germany]]

*[[Capitalism]]

*[[Communism]]

*[[USA]]

*[[USSR]]

*[[Joseph Stalin]]

*[[Winston Churchill]]

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]

*[[Clement Attlee]]

**[[1945 UK General Election]]

*[[Harry Truman]]

*[[Nuclear Bombs]]

**[[Atom Bomb]]

**[[Dropping the H-Bomb]]

===[[Iron Curtain]]===

*[[Soviet Expansion in Eastern Europe]]

*[[US Policy against the Soviets]]

**[[Truman Doctrine]]

**[[Containment]]

**[[Marshall Plan]]

*[[Stalin's reaction to US Policy]]

*[[Cominform]]

*[[Comecon]]

*[[Yugoslavia]]

*[[Berlin Blockade]]

*[[Berlin Airlift]]

===[[Development of the Cold War]]===

*[[Importance of Asia in the Cold War]]

*[[China]]

**[[Mao Tse-Tung]]

**[[Communist Revolution in China]]

*[[Korean War]]

**[[Proxy War]]

*[[Vietnam War]]

===[[Cold War Military Rivalries]]===

*[[Arms Race]]

*[[NATO]]

*[[Warsaw Pact]]

*[[Space Race]]

**[[Sputnik]]

**[[ICBMs]]

**[[Polaris]]

**[[Yuri Gagarin]]

**[[Apollo]]

===[[The 'Thaw']]===

*[[Hungary]]

**[[Hungarian Uprising]]

*[[Imre Nagy]]

*[[U2 Crisis]]

*[[Paris Peace Summit]]

===Transformation of the [[Cold War]]===

*[[Berlin Wall]]

*[[Cuba]]

**[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]

*[[Fidel Castro]]

*[[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]

*[[Nikita Khrushchev]]

*[[John F. Kennedy]]

*[[Czechoslovakia]]

**[[Alexander Dubcek]]

**[[Prague Spring]]

**[[USSR response to Czech reforms]]

*[[Brezhnev Doctrine]]

**[[Leonid Brezhnev]]

===[[Easing of Cold War Tension]]===

*[[Sources of Tension in Cold War]]

*[[Detente]]

*[[SALT I]]

*[[Richard Nixon]]

==Conflict and Tension in Asia,1950-1975==

===[[Conflict in Korea]]===

====[[Causes of the Korean War]]====

*[[Korea]]

*[[Nationalism]]

**[[Nationalism in Korea]]

*[[USA]]

*[[China]]

**[[US Relations with China]]

*[[Division of Korea]]

*[[Kim Il Sung]]

*[[Syngman Rhee]]

*[[Invasion of South Korea, 1950]]

*[[USSR absence from UN]]

===[[Development of the Korean War]]===

*[[UN]]

*[[UN Campaign in North Korea]]

*[[UN Campaign in South Korea]]

*[[Inchon Landings]]

*[[Recapture of South Korea]]

*[[UN Advance into North Korea]]

*[[Chinese Intervention in Korean War]]

*[[General MacArthur]]

===[[End of Korean War]]===

*[[38th Parallel]]

**[[Stalemate at the 38th Parallel]]

*[[Armistice in Korea]]

*[[Impact of the Korean War in Korea]]

*[[UN and Sino-American Relations post-Korean War]]

===Conflict in Vietnam===

*[[Vietnam]]

*[[French Colonial Rule in Vietnam]]

**[[Ending of French Colonial Rule in Vietnam]]

*[[Dien Bien Phu]]

**[[Opposition to Dien Bien Phu]]

*[[Geneva Agreement, 1954]]

*[[Civil War in South Vietnam]]

*[[Vietcong]]

*[[Guerilla Warfare]]

*[[Ho Chi Minh]]

===[[US Involvement in Vietnam]]===

*[[Communism]]

*[[Capitalism]]

*[[Domino Theory]]

*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]

*[[John F. Kennedy]]

*[[Intervention in Vietnam under Eisenhower and Kennedy]]

*[[Strategic Hamlets Programme]]

*[[Johnson's War]]

**[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]

*[[Gulf of Tonkin]]

*[[US Response to Vietcong Tactics]]

*[[Mass Bombing Campaign in Vietnam]]

*[[Demands for Peace in Vietnam]]

*[[Student Protests Against Vietnam War in USA]]

*[[My Lai]]

*[[Search and Destroy Tactics]]

*[[Tet Offensive]]

===Ending the [[Vietnam War]]===

*[[Richard Nixon]]

**[[Nixon's War]]

*[[Vietnamisation]]

*[[Chemical Warfare]]

**[[Chemical Warfare in Vietnam]]

*[[Bombing Campaign 1970-72, Vietnam]]

*[[US Relations with China during Vietnam War]]

*[[Expansion of Vietnam War into Laos and Cambodia]]

===[[Opposition to Vietnam War]]===

*[[Kent State University]]

*[[Importance of Media and TV in influencing Public Opinion during Vietnam War]]

*[[Watergate Affair]]

===[[End of the Vietnam War]]===

*[[Paris Peace Talks]]

*[[Henry Kissinger]]

*[[Shuttle Diplomacy]]

*[[Role of Kissinger in ending Vietnam War]]

*[[US Withdrawal from Vietnam]]

*[[Fall of Saigon]]

*[[Problems in Vietnam in 1975]]

==Conflict and Tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990-2009==

===[[Tensions in the Gulf]]===

*[[Persian Gulf]]

*[[Iran]]

*[[Iraq]]

*[[Iran-Iraq War]]

*[[USA]]

*[[Russia]]

*[[International Interests in Iran and Iraq]]

**[[Arab Oil]]

*[[Israel]]

*[[Palestine]]

*[[Contribution of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict to Tension in the Gulf]]

===[[Gulf War, 1990]]===

*[[Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait]]

*[[George H.W. Bush]]

*[[Margaret Thatcher]]

*[[Role of Bush and Thatcher in First Gulf War]]

*[[UN Campaign against Saddam Hussein]]

**[[UN]]

**[[Saddam Hussein]]

*[[Consequences of the First Gulf War]]

*[[US Influence in the Gulf]]

===War on [[Al-Qaeda]]===

*[[Al-Qaeda]]

*[[Osama bin Laden]]

*[[11 September Attacks]]

*[[Afghanistan]]

**[[Afghanistan as a Rogue State]]

*[[Taliban]]

**[[Resurgence of the Taliban]]

**[[Western Attitudes to the Taliban]]

**[[Muslim Attitudes to the Taliban]]

*[[Problems faced by Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan]]

===[[War on Terror]]===

*[[George W. Bush]]

**[[Bush's Aims in the War on Terror]]

*[[Tony Blair]]

*[[2001 US/UK Operation in Afghanistan]]

*[[Overthrow and Collapse of the Taliban]]

*[[UN Peace Conference]]

*[[Hamid Karzai]]

**[[Problems with Karzai's Government]]

===[[Iraq War]]===

*[[Saddam Hussein's Regime]]

**[[Treatment of Kurds and Shia Muslims under Saddam]]

*[[International Attitudes to Saddam Hussein]]

*[[Kurds]]

*[[Islam]]

*[[Iraq's links to Al-Qaeda]]

*[[Iraq's Reputation as a Rogue State]]

*[[Religious Divisions in Iraq]]

*[[Role of the UN in Iraq War]]

===[[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]===

*[[International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)]]

**[[IAEA Inspectors in Iraq]]

*[[Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)]]

**[[WMD in Iraq]]

*[[Military Campaign in Iraq]]

*[[Western Interests in Iraq]]

*[[Downfall of Saddam Hussein]]

===[[Impact of the Iraq War]]===

*[[Impact of the Iraq War on the Iraqi People]]

*[[Insurgency in Iraq]]

*[[Elections after the Iraq War]]

*[[National Assembly]]

*[[Global Terrorism]]

**[[Anti-US Terrorism]]

**[[Anti-UK Terrorism]]

*[[2007 US Troop Surge]]

*[[Iraq's Stability at the end of Bush's Presidency]]

==Medicine and Health in Britain: c1000 to the Present Day==

====[[Medieval Medicine in England]]====

*[[England]]

*[[Medieval]]

*[[Medicine]]

*[[Beliefs on Causes of Medieval Illnesses]]

**[[Theory of the Four Humours]]

**[[Misma Theory]]

**[[Hippocratic Medicine]]

**[[Galeanic Medicine]]

*[[Different Approaches in Medieval Medicine]]

*[[Medieval Doctors]]

**[[Training of Medieval Doctors]]

===[[Progress in Medieval Medicine]]===

*[[Christianity]]

**[[Christianity and Medieval Medicine]]

*[[Medieval Hospitals]]

*[[Islam]]

**[[Importance of Islamic Medicine in Medieval Times]]

*[[Medieval Surgery]]

**[[Medieval Surgical Theory]]

**[[Medieval Hospital Care]]

*[[Progress in Medieval Medicine]]

===[[Public Health in the Middle Ages]]===

*[[Towns and Monasteries in the Middle Ages]]

*[[Black Death]]

**[[Beliefs about Causes of the Black Death]]

**[[Beliefs about Treament and Prevention of the Black Death]]

===The Beginnings of Change in Medicine===

====[[Medical Renaissance in Britain]]====

*[[Renaissance]]

*[[Continuity in Medical Renaissance Britain]]

*[[Thomas Sydenham]]

*[[Challenges to Medical Authority in Anatomy, Physiology and Surgery]]

*[[Vesalius]]

*[[Pare]]

*[[William Harvey]]

*[[Opposition to Change in Renaissance Medicine]]

*[[Traditional Methods of Treatment in Renaissance Medicine]]

*[[New Methods of Treatment in Renaissance Medicine]]

*[[Quackery]]

*[[Plague]]

*[[Growth of Hospitals in Renaissance Britain]]

*[[Changes to the Training of Surgeons in Renaissance Britain]]

*[[John Hunter]]

*[[Innoculation]]

*[[Edward Jenner]]

*[[Vaccination]]

*[[Opposition to Vaccination and Innoculation]]

===A Revolution in Medicine===

*[[Germ Theory]]

*[[Louis Pasteur]]

**[[Pasteur and Vaccination]]

*[[Robert Koch]]

**[[Microbe Hunting]]

*[[Paul Ehrlich]]

**[[Magic Bullets]]

*[[Everyday Medical Treatments and Remedies in 19th Century]]

===[[Surgical Revolution]]===

*[[Anaesthetics]]

*[[Simpson]]

*[[Chloroform]]

*[[Antiseptics]]

*[[Joseph Lister]]

*[[Carbolic Acid]]

*[[Aseptic Surgery]]

*[[Surgical Procedures in the 19th Century]]

*[[Public Health Problems in Industrial Britain]]

*[[Cholera Epidemics]]

*[[Role of Public Health Reformers]]

*[[Local and National Government Involvement in Public Health Improvement in Industrial Britain]]

**[[1848 Public Health Act]]

**[[1875 Public Health Act]]

===[[Modern Medicine]]===

*[[Modern Treatment of Disease]]

*[[Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry]]

*[[Penicillin]]

**[[Alexander Fleming]]

**[[Development of Penicillin]]

*[[Modern New Diseases and Treatments]]

*[[Antibiotic Resistance]]

*[[Alternative Modern Medicine]]

===[[Impact of War and Technology on Surgery]]===

*[[Plastic Surgery]]

*[[Blood Transfusions]]

*[[X-Rays]]

*[[Transplant Surgery]]

*[[Modern Surgical Methods]]

**[[Laser Surgery]]

**[[Radiation Therapy]]

**[[Keyhole Surgery]]

===[[Modern Public Health]]===

*[[Booth]]

*[[Rowntree]]

*[[Boer War]]

**[[Importance of Boer War in Modern Medicine]]

*[[Liberal Social Reforms in early 20th Century Britain]]

*[[Impact of Two World Wars on Public Health, Poverty and Housing]]

**[[World War One]]

**[[World War Two]]

*[[Welfare State]]

**[[Beveridge Report]]

*[[Creation of the National Health Service]]

**[[National Health Service]]

*[[Costs, Choices and Issues of Healthcare in 21st Century]]

==Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day==

*[[Government]]

*[[Economy]]

*[[Equality]]

*[[Demoncracy]]

*[[Political Representation]]

===Challenging Authority and Feudalism===

*[[Feudalism]]

**[[Social Structure in Medieval Britain]]

*[[Authority in Medieval Britain]]

*[[King John]]

**[[Baron's Dissatisfaction with King John]]

**[[Magna Carta]]

===[[Origins of Parliament]]===

*[[Henry III]]

*[[Issues between Henry III and the Barons]]

*[[Simon de Montfort]]

*[[Provisions of Oxford]]

*[[Parliament of 1265]]

*[[Peasants Revolt]]

===Challenging Royal Authority in Middle Age Britain===

*[[Pilgrimage of Grace]]

*[[Henry VIII]

*[[Divine Right of Kings]]

*[[Parliamentary Authority]]

*[[English Revolution]]

**[[New Model Army]]

**[[English Civil War]]

*[[Political Radicalism]]

**[[Development of Political Radicalism during the English Civil War]]

*[[Charles I]]

**[[Execution of Charles I]]

*[[Oliver Cromwell]]

*[[Commonwealth]]

*[[American Revolution]]

**[[Causes of the American Revolution]]

===Reform and Reformers in 19th Century Britain===

*[[Protests for Political Change in early 19th Century Britain]]

*[[Great Reform Act 1832]]

*[[Chartism]]

*[[Campaigning Groups in 19th Century Britain]]

**[[Anti-Slavery Movement in Britain]]

**[[Anti-Corn Law League]]

*[[Factory Reformers in 19th Century Britain]]

*[[Social Reformers in 19th Century Britain]]

===[[Workers Movements in 19th Century Britain]]===

*[[Trade Unionism]]

**[[Grand National Consolidation Trades Union]]

*[[Tolpuddle Martyrs]]

*[[New Model Unions]]

**[[New Unionism]]

***[[Match Girls']]

===Equality and Rights in Modern Britain===

*[[Women's Rights Movement]]

*[[Women's Suffrage]]

**[[Women's Suffrage Campaign]]

**[[Suffragettes]]

**[[Individuals in the Women's Suffrage Campaign]]

***[[Emmeline Pankhurst]]

*[[Progress in Women's Rights post-1950]]

===[[Worker's Rights in Modern Britain]]===

*[[General Strike (1926)]]

*[[Trade Union Reform in the Late 20th Century]]

**[[Margaret Thatcher]]

===[[Minority Rights in Post-World War Two Britain]]===

*[[Racism]]

*[[Multi-Racial Society in Post-War Britain]]

**[[Brixton Riots]]

**[[Scarman Report]]

==Britain: Migration, Empires and the People: c790 to the Present Day==

*[[Government]]

*[[Imperialism]]

**[[Social Darwinism]]

===Conquered and Conquerors in Early Medieval England===

*[[Vikings]]

**[[Early Viking Invasions of Englanf]]

*[[Anglo-Saxons]]

*[[Danelaw]]

*[[Alfred and Wessex]]

*[[King Cnut]]

*[[Emma of Normandy]]

*[[North Sea Empire]]

*[[Norman Kingdom in Britain]]

*[[Angevin Empire]]

*[[Henry II]]

*[[Relationship between Britain and France during Norman Era]]

*[[Invasion of Ireland]]

*[[King John]]

**[[Losses under King John]]

===[[Origins of English Identity]]===

*[[English Identity]]

*[[Hundred Years' War]]

===Looking West in Middle Age Britain===

*[[New World]]

*[[British Empire]]

*[[British Pirates]]

**[[Sir Francis Drake]]

**[[Sir Walter Raleigh]]

*[[Development of the Slave Trade]]

**[[John Hawkins]]

*[[Impact of the Slave Trade on Britain]]

*[[Colonisation]]

**[[British Colonisation of North America]]

**[[Jamestown]]

*[[Native Americans]]

**[[First British Contact with Native Americans]]

*[[Pilgrim Fathers]]

*[[Indentured Servants]]

*[[American War of Independence]]

**[[Loss of American Colonies]]

*[[Huguenots]]

**[[Huguenot Migration]]

*[[Highland Clearances]]

*[[Ulster Plantations]]

===Expansion of British Empire===

====[[British Expansion in India]]====

*[[India]]

*[[British Control of India]]

*[[East India Company]]

*[[Robert Clive]]

*[[Warren Hastings]]

*[[Indian Rebellion (1857)]]

*[[British India]]

===[[British Expansion in Africa]]===

*[[British Involvement in Africa]]

*[[Missionaries]]

**[British Missionaries in Africa]]

*[[British Trade in Africa]]

*[[South Africa in the British Empire]]

*[[Egypt in the British Empire]]

*[[Scramble for Africa]]

*[[Cecil Rhodes]]

*[[Boer War]]

*[[British Imperial Propaganda]]

===Migration to, from and within Britain===

*[[Irish Migration to Britain, Empire]]

*[[Jewish Migration to Britain, Empire]]

*[[Migration to and from British Empire]]

**[[Migration of Asians to Africa in British Empire]]

*[[Migration from Rural to Urban Settings in Imperial Britain]]

===Britain in the 20th Century===

*[[End of British Empire]]

*[[Impact of First and Second World Wars on British Empire]]

*[[Suez Crisis]]

*[[Nationalism]]

**[[Nationalism in British India]]

***[[Mahatma Gandhi]]

**[[Nationalism in British Africa]]

***[[Kwame Nkrumah]]

***[[Jomo Kenyatta]]

===[[Legacy of British Empire]]===

*[[Windrush]]

*[[Claudia Jones]]

*[[Post-Empire Migration to Britain from Africa and Asia]]

**[[Idi Amin]]

*[[Commonwealth]]

*[[Falklands War]]

===Britain's Relationship with Europe in 20th Century===

*[[Britain's Relationship with Europe post-WWII]]

*[[Cold War]]

**[[End of the Cold War]]

*[[European Union]]

**[[British Membership of European Union]]

*[[Migration between Europe and Britain]]

==Norman England, c1066-c1100==

===The Normans: Conquest and Control===

*[[Normans]]

*[[Causes of Norman Conquest]]

**[[Edward the Confessor]]

*[[Claims to the British Throne in 1066]]

*[[Military Aspects of the Norman Conquest]]

**[[Battle of Stamford Bridge]]

**[[Battle of Hastings]]

*[[Anglo-Saxon Military Tactics in 1066]]

*[[Norman Military Tactics in 1066]]

*[[Military Innovations during Norman Conquest]]

===Establishing Control after the [[Norman Conquest]]===

*[[Harrying of the North]]

*[[Revolts against Norman Control, 1067-1075]]

*[[King William]]

*[[King William II]]

===[[British Life under the Normans]]===

*[[Feudalism]]

*[[Goverment]]

*[[Norman Government]]

**[[Norman Patronage]]

*[[Anglo-Saxon and Norman Government Systems]]

*[[Aristocracy]]

**[[Anglo-Saxon and Norman Society]]

*[[Military Service under Norman Rule]]

*[[Norman Justice and Legal System]]

*[[Domesday Book]]

*[[Anglo-Saxon and Norman Life]]

*[[Norman Forest Law]]

===[[Norman Church and Monasticism]]===

*[[Norman Church]]

*[[Anglo-Saxon Church before 1066]]

*[[Archbishop Lanfranc]]

**[[Lanfranc's Reform of the English Church]]

*[[Norman Church Organisation in Britain]]

*[[Relations between the Church and State in Norman Britain]]

*[[William II]]

**[[William II and the Church]]

*[[Wealth of the Church in Norman Britain]]

*[[British Relations with the Papacy in Norman Era]]

**[[Papacy]]

*[[The Investiture Controversy]]

*[[Norman Monastic Reforms]]

*[[Norman Monastic Life]]

*[[Norman Education]]

*[[Latin]]

**[[Latin Use in Norman Era]]

==Edexcel History Key Stage 4==

===Crime and Punishment in Britain, c1000-Present===

=====Nature and Changing Definitions of Criminal Activity, Medieval England=====

*[[Anglo-Saxon]]

*[[Norman]]

**[[Norman Conquest]]

*[[Medieval England]]

*[[Crimes against People, Property and Authority in Medieval England]]

**[['Social' Crime in Medieval England]]

*[[Definition of Crime after Norman Conquest]]

**[[William I]]

**[[Forest Laws]]

===Nature of Law Enforcement and Punishment, Medieval England===

*[[Law Enforcement in Anglo-Saxon to Medieval England]]

*[[Penal System and Punishment in Anglo-Saxon to Medieval England]]

**[[Saxon Wergild]]

===[[Case Studies on Crime and Punishment in Medieval England]]===

*[[Influence of the Church in Early 13th Century Crime and Punishment]]

*[[Significance of Sanctuary and Benefit of Clergy]]

*[[Trial by Ordeal]]

===Nature and Changing Definitions of Criminal Activity, early Modern England===

*[[Crimes against People, Property and Authority in early Modern England]]

**[[Heresy]]

**[[Treason]]

*[[New Definitions of Crime in 16th Century]]

===Nature of Law Enforcement and Punishment, early Modern England===

*[[Law Enforcement in early Modern England]]

*[[Penal System and Punishment in early Modern England]]

===[[Case Studies on Crime and Punishment in early Modern England]]===

*[[Gunpowder Plot]]

*[[Matthew Hopkins and Witch Hunts 1645-47]]

===Nature and Changing Definitions of Criminal Activity, 18th-19th Century Britain===

*[[Crimes against People, Property and Authority in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Highway Robbery]]

**[[Poaching]]

**[[Smuggling]]

*[[Changing Definitions of Crime in 18th-19th Century]]

===Nature of Law Enforcement and Punishment, 18th-19th Century Britain===

*[[Law Enforcement in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Fielding Brothers]]

**[[Development of a Police Force in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[CID]]

*[[Penal System and Punishment in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Prison Reform in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

***[[John Howard]]

***[[Elizabeth Fry]]

===[[Case Studies on Crime and Punishment in 18th-19th Century Britain]]===

*[[Pentonville Prison in mid-19th Century]]

*[[Robert Peel]]

===Nature and Changing Definitions of Criminal Activity, Modern Britain===

*[[Crimes against People, Property and Authority in modern Britain]]

*[[Changing Definitions of Crime in modern Britain]]

**[[Racism]]

===Nature of Law Enforcement and Punishment, Modern Britain===

*[[Law Enforcement in modern Britain]]

**[[Neighbourhood Watch]]

**[[Changes within the Police Force in modern Britain]]

*[[Penal System and Punishment in modern Britain]]

**[[Abolition of the Death Penalty in Britain]]

**[[Open Prisons]]

===[[Case Studies on Crime and Punishment in modern Britain]]===

*[[Conscientious Objectors in First World War]]

**[[First World War]]

*[[Conscientious Objectors in Second World War]]

**[[Second World War]]

*[[Derek Bentley Case]]

==Whitechapel, c1870-c1900: crime, policing and the inner city==

*[[Whitechapel]]

*[[Housing and Overcrowding in Whitechapel]]

**[[Peabody Estate]]

*[[Workhouses]]

**[[Workhouses in Whitechapel]]

*[[Life in Whitechapel]]

*[[Reasons for Crime in Whitechapel]]

*[[Significance of Whitechapel as an inner city area]]

===[[Immigration to Whitechapel]]===

*[[Irish Immigration to Whitechapel]]

*[[Eastern European Immigration to Whitechapel]]

*[[Jewish Immigration to Whitechapel, 1880s]]

*[[Socialism]]

**[[Socialism in Whitechapel]]

*[[Anarchism]]

**[[Anarchism in Whitechapel]]

===[[Policing in Whitechapel]]===

*[[H Division]]

*[[Difficulties of Policing Whitechapel]]

*[[Lifestyle Problems in Whitechapel]]

*[[Whitechapel Vigilance Committee]]

*[[Investigative Policing in Whitechapel]]

*[[Problems caused by the Need for Cooperative Policing]]

*[[Jack the Ripper]

**[[Influence of the Media in the 'Ripper' Murders]]

*[[Metropolitan Police in late-19th Century Britain]]

*[[CID]]

*[[Sir Charles Warren]]

===[[Whitechapel, c1870-c1900: crime, policing and the inner city Sources]]===

==Medicine in Britain, c1250-present==

===Ideas about the Cause of Disease and Illness, Medieval England===

*[[Supernatural Explanations for Disease in medieval England]]

*[[Religious Explanations for Disease in medieval England]]

*[[Rational Explanations for Disease in medieval England]]

**[[Theory of Four Humours]]

**[[Miasma Theory]]

**[[Hippocratic Theory]]

**[[Galeanic Theory]]

===Approaches to Prevention and Treatment, Medieval England===

*[[Preventing Disease in medieval England]]

*[[Treating Disease in medieval England]]

*[[New Approaches to Hospital Care in 13th Century]]

*[[Traditional Approaches to Hospital Care in 13th Century]]

===[[Case Studies in medieval England]]===

*[[Black Death]]

===Ideas about the Cause of Disease and Illness, Medical Renaissance in England===

*[[Medical Renaissance]]

*[[Explanations for Disease and Illness in Medical Renaissance England]]

**[[Thomas Sydenham]]

**[[Printing Press]]

**[[Royal Society]]

***[[Impact of Royal Society on the British Medical Renaissance]]

===Approaches to Prevention and Treatment, Medical Renaissance in England===

*[[Prevention, Treatment and Care in Medical Renaissance England]]

*[[Changes to Prevention, Treatment and Care in Medical Renaissance England]]

**[[Vesalius]]

===[[Case Studies in Medical Renaissance England]]===

*[[William Harvey]]

*[[Great Plague in London]]

===Ideas about the Cause of Disease and Illness, 18th-19th Century Britain===

*[[Explanations for Disease and Illness in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Louis Pasteur]]

**[[Robert Koch]]

===Approaches to Prevention and Treatment, 18th-19th Century Britain===

*[[Change in Care and Treatment in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Florence Nightingale]]

**[[Anaesthetics]]

*[[New Approaches to Disease Prevention in 18th-19th Century Britain]]

**[[Vaccinations]]

**[[Public Health Act 1875]]

===[[Case Studies in 18th-19th Century Britain]]===

*[[Edward Jenner]]

*[[Fighting Cholera in London,1854]]

===Ideas about the Cause of Disease and Illness, Modern Britain===

*[[Understanding Illness and Disease in Modern Britain]]

*[[Improvements in Diagnosis in Modern Britain]]

===Approaches to Prevention and Treatment, Modern Britain===

*[[Changes to Care and Treatment in Modern Britain]]

**[[NHS]]

*[[Advances in Medicine in Modern Britain]]

*[[New Approaches to preventing Disease in Modern Britain]]

===[[Case Studies in Modern Britain]]===

*[[Development of Penicillin]]

*[[Fight against Lung Cancer in 21st Century]]

==British Sector of the Western Front, 1914-18: injuries, treatment and the trenches==

*[[World War One]]

*[[Western Front]]

*[[War in Flanders]]

*[[Ypres Salient]]

**[[Somme]]

**[[Arras]]

**[[Cambrai]]

*[[Trench Warfare]]

*[[Use of Mines in World War One]]

*[[Medical Treatment in World War One]]

*[[Illness and Injury during World War One]]

*[[RAMC]]

*[[FANY]]

*[[Transport in World War One]]

*[[Treatment Areas in World War One]]

*[[Significance of Western Front in Surgical Advances]]

*[[Medicine in Early 20th Century]]

===[[The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914-18: injuries, treatment and the trenches Sources]]===

==Warfare and British Society, c1250-present==

===Nature of Medieval Warfare in England===

*[[Medieval English Army]]

**[[Infantry]]

*[[Links between Social Structure and Army Command in Medieval England]]

*[[New Weapons and Formations in Medieval Warfare]]

**[[Longbow]]

**[[Schiltrons]]

*[[Importance of Gunpowder in Medieval Warfare]]

===Experience of Medieval War===

*[[Recruitment and Training in Medieval Warfare]]

*[[Impact of Medieval War on Civilians]]

**[[Feudalism]]

===Case Studies in Medieval Warfare===

*[[Battle of Falkirk, 1298]]

*[[Battle of Agincourt, 1415]]

===Nature of Warfare in the early modern period===

*[[Army in 16th and 17th Century]]

*[[Developments in the Army in 16th and 17th Century]]

*[[Developments in Weaponry in 16th and 17th Century]]

===Experience of War in the early modern period===

*[[Recruitment and Training in early modern British army]]

*[[Impact of early modern war on Civilians]]

===Case Studies in early modern war===

*[[Battle of Naseby]]

===Nature of Warfare in 18th and 19th Century Britain===

*[[Army in 18th and 19th Century Britain]]

*[[Developments in the Army in 18th and 19th Century Britain]]

*[[Developments in Weaponry in 18th and 19th Century British Warfare]]

*[[Impact of Industrialisation on Warfare]]

===Experience of War in 18th and 19th Century Britain===

*[[Recruitment and Training in 18th and 19th Century British Army]]

**[[Cardwell's Army Reform]]

*[[Impact of War on Civilians in 18th and 19th Century]]

===Case Studies in 18th and 19th Century British Warfare===

*[[Battle of Waterloo]]

*[[Battle of Balaclava]]

===Nature of Modern British Warfare===

*[[Army in Modern British Warfare]]

*[[Developments in the Army in Modern British Warfare]]

*[[Weaponry in Modern British Warfare]]

*[[Guerrilla Warfare]]

===Experience of War in Modern Britain===

*[[Recruitment and Training in Modern British Warfare]]

*[[Impact of War on Modern British Civilians]]

**[[World War One]]

**[[World War Two]]

===Case Studies in Modern British Warfare===

*[[Western Front and the Battle of the Somme]]

*[[Iraq War, 2003]]

==London and the Second World War, 1939-45==

*[[World War Two]]

*[[London]]

**[[Context of London in World War Two]]

*[[Luftwaffe]]

*[[Preparations for World War Two in London]]

*[[Protecting London in World War Two]]

*[[Attacks on London in World War Two]]

**[[Black Saturday]]

**[[V2 attack on Deptford, 1944]]

*[[Bombs used in World War Two]]

*[[Blitz in London]]

**[[Impact of the Blitz on London Civilians]]

*[[Life going on in London during World War Two]]

*[[Morale in London during World War Two]]

*[[London's Response to World War Two]]

**[[Royal Family of Britain]]

**[[Queen Elizabeth II]]

**[[Cabinet War Rooms]]

*[['Dig for Victory' Campaign]]

*[[British Propaganda in World War Two]]

===Sources for London and the Second World War, 1939-45===

==Spain and the 'New World', c1490-c1555==

===[[Discovering the 'New World']]===

*[[Spain]]

**[[Spain in 1490]]

*[[New World]]

*[[Christopher Columbus]]

**[Columbus' Voyage to the New World]]

*[[Queen Isabella]]

*[[Christianity]]

===[[Columbus in America]]===

*[[La Navidad]]

*[[Exploring the Caribbean]]

*[[People of the New World]]

**[[Tainos]]

**[[Caribs]]

***[[Conflict at Samana]]

*[[Discovering the Treasures of the New World]]

*[[Spain's Rivalry with Portugal over the New World]]

George Simms

60

edits