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===About Carbohydrates===
: '''Carbohydrates ''' can be split into two groups. [[Polysaccharide|Complex Carbohydrate]]s like [[starch]] which are very important in our diet and [[Sugar|Simple Carbohydrate]]s called [[sugar]]s that can be harmful if we eat to much of them.
===Sugar===
====Sugar Molecules====
: Sugar [[molecule]]s are simple and the body can quickly get energy from them.
: You should know:
*Glucose - A sugar found in syrup and sweets.
*Fructose - A sugar found in fruits.
*Sucrose - Found in white sugar which is made of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule bonded together.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:SugarMolecules.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |There are many different sugar molecules. These are just three examples.
|}
====Sugar in foods====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Foods with lots of [[sugars]]:
|-
|[[File:Fruit.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Yoghurt.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Sweets.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:EnergyDrinks.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Fruit has lots of [[sugar]] but is healthy because it also has [[vitamins]] and [[fibre]] inside.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Yoghurt has a lot of [[sugar]] but there are also some health parts like a [[mineral]] called [[Calcium]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Sweets are full of [[sugar]] with nothing healthy in them.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Energy drinks have nothing healthy in them and are packed with [[sugar]].
|}
====Testing For Sugars====
: Glucose and Fructose can be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]].
: Sucrose cannot be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]] unless you first react it with dilute hydrochloric acid.
=====Method=====
: 1. A sample of food is dissolved in water.
: 2. The solution is added to blue Benedict's solution in a boiling tube.
: 3. The solution is kept at 90°C for up to 10 minutes.
: 4. A colour change indicates the presence of glucose or fructose. If they are present the solution will eventually turn brick red or brown.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:BenedictsTest.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |When sugar is present the Benedict's solution turns from blue through several colours until it becomes brick red or brown.
If this was done with sucrose the Benedict's solution would stay blue.
|}
===Starch===
====Starch Molecule====
: [[Starch]] is made of hundreds of [[glucose]] [[molecule]]s [[Bonds|bonded]] together.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:StarchMolecule.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |A starch molecule made of many smaller glucose molecules.
|}
====Starch in Foods====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Foods with lots of [[starch]]:
|}
====Testing for Starch====
: Starch can be detected using Iodine Solution.
=====Method=====
: 1. A small sample of food is placed on a spotting tile.
: 2. A drop of Iodine Solution is added to the food sample.
: 3. If the Iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black then the food contains [[starch]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:IodineStarch.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |Iodine solution is an orange liquid. When the iodine solution is added to starch the iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black.
|}
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A [[carbohydrate]] is a [[nutrient]] in our [[diet]]s that is used in the body for [[respiration]].
===About Carbohydrates===
: '''Carbohydrates''' can be split into three groups. [[Monosaccharide]]s which are simple [[sugar]]s, [[disaccharide]]s which are made from two [[monosaccharide]]s [[bonds|bonded]] together and [[polysaccharide]]s which are many [[monosaccharide]]s [[bonds|bonded]] together.
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxzc_2c6GMg}}
===Monosaccharides===
====Monosaccharide Molecules====
: [[Monosaccharide]]s are all [[isomer]]s with the [[Chemical Formula|formula]] C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.
The three main [[monosaccharide]]s are:
*[[Glucose]]
*[[Fructose]]
*[[Galactose]]
====Testing For Monosaccharides====
: [[Monosaccharide]]s can be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]].
: [[Disaccharide]]s cannot be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]] unless you first react it with dilute [[Hydrochloric Acid|hydrochloric acid]].
=====Method=====
: 1. A sample of food is dissolved in water.
: 2. The solution is added to blue Benedict's solution in a boiling tube.
: 3. The solution is kept at 90°C for up to 10 minutes.
: 4. A colour change indicates the presence of [[glucose]] or [[fructose]]. If they are present the solution will eventually turn brick red or brown.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:BenedictsTest.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |When sugar is present the Benedict's solution turns from blue through several colours until it becomes brick red or brown.
If this was done with sucrose the Benedict's solution would stay blue.
|}
===Disaccharides===
====Disaccharide Molecules====
: [[Disaccharide]]s are all [[isomer]]s with the [[Chemical Formula|formula]] C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>.
The two [[Disaccharide]]s you might know are:
*[[Sucrose]] - Found in white [[sugar]] which is made of one [[glucose]] [[molecule]] and one [[fructose]] [[molecule]] [[Bonds|bonded]] together.
*[[Lactose]] - A [[sugar]] found in milk made from one [[glucose]] [[molecule]] and one [[galactose]] [[molecule]].
*[[Maltose]] - A [[sugar]] made from two [[glucose]] [[molecule]]s.
===Polysaccharides===
: [[Polysaccharide]]s are all long chains of simpler [[monosaccharide]]s [[bonds|bonded]] together.
Some [[polysaccharide]]s you should know are:
*[[Starch]] - An essential [[nutrient]] in our [[diet]]s which provides us with [[energy]].
*[[Cellulose]] - An indigestible [[polysaccharide]], often referred to as [[fibre]], found in the [[Cell Wall|cell wall]] of [[plant]]s.
*[[Chitin]] - An indigestible [[polysaccharide]] found in the [[Cell Wall|cell wall]] of [[fungi]].
===Starch===
====Starch Molecule====
: [[Starch]] is made of hundreds of [[glucose]] [[molecule]]s [[Bonds|bonded]] together.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:StarchMolecule.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |A starch molecule made of many smaller glucose molecules.
|}
====Testing for Starch====
: [[Starch]] can be detected using Iodine Solution.
=====Method=====
: 1. A small sample of food is placed on a spotting tile.
: 2. A drop of Iodine Solution is added to the food sample.
: 3. If the Iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black then the food contains [[starch]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:FruitIodineStarch.png|center|200px]]|[[File:Yoghurt.png|center|200px]]|[[File:Sweets.png|center|200px]]|[[File:EnergyDrinks.png|center|200px400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px400px; text-align:center;" |Fruit has lots of [[sugar]] but Iodine solution is healthy because it also has [[vitamins]] and [[fibre]] insidean orange liquid.| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Yoghurt has a lot of [[sugar]] but there are also some health parts like a [[mineral]] called [[Calcium]].| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Sweets are full of [[sugar]] with nothing healthy in them.| style="height:20px; width:200px; textWhen the iodine solution is added to starch the iodine solution turns from orange to blue-align:center;" |Energy drinks have nothing healthy in them and are packed with [[sugar]]black.
|}
===References===
====AQA====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f107 ''Carbohydrate, pages 55, 56, 100-104, 182, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Carbohydrates, page 193, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Carbohydrates, pages 40, 46, 128-129, 136, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
====Edexcel====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Carbohydrates, page 17, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Carbohydrates, page 176, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Carbohydrates, page 18, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Carbohydrates, page 293, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Carbohydrates, page 41, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Carbohydrates, page 20, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Carbohydrates, page 23, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Carbohydrates, page 38, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Carbohydrates, pages 65, 245, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Carbohydrates; testing for, page 24, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']