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==Key Stage 4==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akMLGbNA0gE}}
===Meaning===
Use a range of tests to identify the presence of [[Carbohydrate]]s, [[Protein]]s and [[Lipid]]s in food samples.
===Methods===
====Testing For Monosaccharides====
: [[Monosaccharide]]s can be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]].
: [[Disaccharide]]s cannot be detected with the [[Benedict's Test]] unless you first react it with dilute [[Hydrochloric Acid|hydrochloric acid]].
=====Method=====
#A sample of food is dissolved in water.
#The solution is added to blue Benedict's solution in a boiling tube.
#The solution is kept at 90°C for up to 10 minutes.
#A colour change indicates the presence of [[glucose]] or [[fructose]]. If they are present the solution will eventually turn brick red or brown.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:BenedictsTest.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |When sugar is present the Benedict's solution turns from blue through several colours until it becomes brick red or brown.
If this was done with sucrose the Benedict's solution would stay blue.
|}
====Testing for Starch====
: [[Starch]] can be detected using Iodine Solution.
=====Method=====
#A small sample of food is placed on a spotting tile.
#A drop of Iodine Solution is added to the food sample.
#If the Iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black then the food contains [[starch]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:IodineStarch.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |Iodine solution is an orange liquid. When the iodine solution is added to starch the iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black.
|}
===Testing For Protein===
: Adding [[protein]] to [[Biuret]] [[solution]] will cause the [[solution]] to turn purple.
=====Method=====
#Take a small sample of food and [[dissolve]] it in [[water]].
#Add some [[Biuret]] to the [[solution]].
#If it turns from blue to purple then the food contained [[protein]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Biuret.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |This [[Biuret]] has turned purple, indicating protein is present.
|}
===Testing For Lipids===
: Adding [[lipid]]s to paper can turn the paper [[translucent]].
=====The Paper Test Method=====
#Take a small sample of food.
#Wipe it on a piece of paper.
#Hold the paper up to the light.
#If the paper has turned [[translucent]] the food contained [[lipid]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:FatTest.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |There are two patches where fat has been asborbed by the paper.
|}
=====The Alcohol Emulsion Test Method=====
#Take a small sample of food.
#Place the food in [[ethanol]] and mix by shaking or stirring.
#[[Filter]] the [[mixture]].
#Add the clear [[solution]] to some water.
#If lipids are present then a white [[emulsion]] will appear.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:AlcoholEmulsionTest.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:center;" |The mixture on the right shows the presence of [[lipid]]s.
|}