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Atom
,→Meaning
==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
An [[atom]] is a very small [[particle]] made of [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s and [[electron]]s that can join with other [[atom]]s to make [[molecule|molecules]] and is considered the smallest part of an [[element]]. :Singular [[Noun]]: '''Atom''':Plural [[Noun]]: '''Atoms''':[[Adjective]]: '''Atomic'''
===About Atoms in The Dalton Model===
===About Atoms beyond The Dalton Model===
: [[Atom]]s are made of three smaller [[particle]]s; the [[proton]], [[neutron]] and [[electron]].
: [[Proton]]s and [[neutron]]s are found in the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] at the centre of an [[atom]]. [[Electron]]s are found [[Electron Orbital|orbiting]] the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] in 'shells'.
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: In an [[atom]] the number of [[electron]]s is always the same as the number of [[proton]]s in the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]].
: Different [[atom]]s can have different numbers of [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s.
: The simplest [[atom]] is [[Hydrogen]] which has 1 [[proton]] and 1 [[electron]] and no [[neutron]]s.
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
An [[atom]] is a very small [[particle]] made of [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s and [[electron]]s that can join with other [[atom]]s to make [[molecule|molecules]] and is considered the smallest part of an [[element]].
===About Atoms===
: [[Atom]]s consist of a small, central [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] containing [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s surrounded by [[electron]]s [[Electron Orbital|orbiting]] the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]].
: The [[electron]]s [[orbit]] the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] in so called '[[Electron Orbital|electron shells]]'.: [[Atom]]s range in size from a [[diameter]] of around 1x10<sup>-10</sup>[[m]] (0.1[[nanometre]]s) to 5x10<sup>-10</sup>[[m]] (0.5[[nanometre]]s), while the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] has a [[diameter]] of around 1.75x10<sup>-15</sup>[[m]] (1.75[[femtometre]]s ) to 15x10<sup>-15</sup>[[m]] (15[[femotmetrefemtometre]]s). This means the '''nucleus''' is 100,000 times smaller than the [[atom]].: Since [[molecule]]s are made of multiple [[atom]]s they can range from 0.2[[nanometre]]s to several [[millimetre]]s long for long [[polymer]] chains.
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===Properties of the Subatomic Particles===
: The [[particle]]s that make an [[atom]] all have slightly different properties. Since the particles are so small their [[mass]] and [[Electrical Charge|charge]] are extremely small numbers so, to make it easier, they are represented as 'relative' [[mass]] and 'relative' [[Electrical Charge|charge]] compared to a [[proton]].
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: The existence and structure of [[atom]]s was not always known.
: An ancient Greek philosopher called [[Democratus]] first proposed that matter was made of [[atom]]s. He reasoned that if you keep cutting something in half eventually you will reach part of it which cannot be cut into smaller piece. The ancient Greek word for 'uncuttable' was [[atom]].
: [[John Dalton]] had his [[Scientific Theory|theory]] backed up by the discoveries of [[Robert Brown]] who discovered [[Brownian Motion]] showing that small invisible [[particle]]s were responsible for the apparent random motion of small visible [[particle]]s such as [[pollen]].
: In 1897 [[J.J. Thompson]] discovered that there was a [[particle]] smaller than an [[atom]] which he named the [[electron]] after another [[scientist]] had [[hypothesis|hypothesised]] their existence. The [[electron]] was found to be around 2000 times less [[mass]]ive than a [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]. It was later realised that these [[electron]]s were responsible for [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] in [[metal]]s.
: This led him, in 1904, to propose the [[Plum Pudding Model]] of the [[atom]] in which [[atom]]s were believed to be a solid ball of [[Positive Charge|positive]] [[Electrical Charge|charge ]] with [[electron]]s stuck inside to give an overall [[Neutral Charge|neutral]] [[Electrical Charge|charge ]] to the [[atom]].
: In 1909 [[Ernest Rutherford]] set two students to work on an experiment to probe the structure of the [[atom]] in the hope to determine if the [[Plum Pudding Model]] was correct.
: [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford's]] students [[Ernest Marsden]] and [[Hans Geiger]] fired [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]]s, which are [[Positive Charge|positively charged]], at a very thin sheet of [[Gold]] foil to observe how the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particles]] changed direction as they went through the foil. This was known as [[Rutherford's Alpha Scattering Experiment]].
: They discovered that most of the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]]s went through in a straight line. A significant number were [[deflect]]ed and a very small number bounced off the [[Gold]] back towards the [[Alpha Particle|alpha]] source.
: If the [[Plum Pudding Model]] were correct then nearly all of the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particles]] should have passed straight through, unaffected, since the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]] is [[Positive Charge|positively charged ]] while [[atom]]s should have an even spread of [[Electrical Charge|charge]]d [[particle]]s all the way through them. There should have been no [[Electrostatic Force|electrostatic force]] to change their direction.: This showed that the [[atom]] must be mostly empty space, that most of the [[mass]] of an [[atom]] is concentrated in the centre and that the centre is [[Positive Charge|positively charged]]. This gave [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]] [[Scientific Evidence|evidence]] to develop a new model of the [[atom]] which he proposed in 1911 called the [[Nuclear Model]] in which a very small [[Positive Charge|positively charged ]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] is surrounded by [[orbit]]ing [[electron]]s.
: In 1913 [[Neils Bohr]] added to the [[Nuclear Model]] when he proposed that [[electron]]s could only [[orbit]] the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] in specific [[Electron Orbital|electron orbitals]] or 'shells' creating the [[Bohr Model]] of the [[atom]].
====The Addition of the Proton====: In 1919 [[Ernest Rutherford]] determined that the [[Hydrogen]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] was present in all [[Atomic Nucleus|atomic nuclei]]. This introduced the [[proton]] to the model of the [[atom]].====The Addition of the Neutron=====: In 1932 [[James Chadwick]] discovered a [[Neutral (Charge)|neutral]] [[Subatomic Particle|subatomic particle]] which he named a [[Neutron]]. This [[neutron]] explained the existence of [[isotope]]s and completed out modern understanding the model of the [[atom]] studied at GCSE.====The Electron Cloud====: ''NB: You don't need to know this'' The model of the [[atom]]was soon updated by [[Werner Heisenberg]] who determined that the exact position and velocity of [[electron]]s could not be known and so they do not '[[orbit]]', rather they exist in a cloud of probable locations around the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]]. ====Extra Information===={{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xazQRcSCRaY}} ===References=======AQA====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Atom, pages 12-4, 16-7, 20-25, 72, 106, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Atom, pages 90, 100, 108-9, 132-3, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac24 ''Atomic models, page 43, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe09698 ''Atomic models, pages 96, 104, 197, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atomic structure, page 2-3, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Atomic structure, pages 117-18, 338, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atomic structure, pages 4-21, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Atomic structure; bohr model, page 342, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Atomic structure; development of ideas about, pages 123-4, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Atomic structure; development of ideas, pages 7-8, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Atomic structure; electronic structure, page 121, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms, page 88, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d49 ''Atoms, pages 12-14, 19, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Atoms, pages 22-25, 42-45, 70, 71, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Atoms, pages 22-25, 42-45, 72, 73, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Atoms, pages 4-5, 12-19, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Atoms, pages 50, 92-101, 104-109, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe09700 ''Atoms, pages 96-98, 104, 197-199, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; and ions, page 89, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; Bohr model of, page 92, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; discovery of the nucleus, pages 91-2, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Atoms; energy levels, page 123, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Atoms; energy levels, pages 111, 201, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Atoms; history, pages 108, 109, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Atoms; history, pages 120, 121, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; isotopes, page 90, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; nuclear model of, pages 91-2, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Atoms; plum-pudding model of, pages 85, 91, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Atoms; producing EM radiation, page 201, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Atoms; producing EM radiation, page 243, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Atoms; structure, pages 110, 111, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Atoms; structure, pages 122, 123, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']====Edexcel====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atomic models, pages 354-355, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Atomic models, pages 90-91, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Atomic structure, pages 15-17, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atomic structure, pages 162-163, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atomic structure, pages 18-19, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Atomic structure, pages 32-35, 42, 43, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Atomic structure, pages 78-80, 172, 173, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Atomic; models, pages 149-151, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Atoms, page 140, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atoms, pages 146, 162, 380, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Atoms, pages 2, 18, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Atoms, pages 49, 50, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atoms; electromagnetic radiation, pages 351, 354, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Atoms; electromagnetic radiation, pages 87, 90, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120193/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120193&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=572df39392fb4200db8391d98ae6314e ''Atoms; structure, pages 356-357, GCSE Combined Science, Pearson Edexcel '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Atoms; structure, pages 92-93, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel ''] ====OCR====:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Atoms, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Atoms, pages 13-15, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR Gateway '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Atoms, pages 22, 26, 96-97, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Atoms; Energy levels, pages 178-179, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Atoms; Isotopes, pages 170-171, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Atoms; Models of, pages 18-21, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR ''] ==Beyond the Curriculum=={{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lNF3_30lUE}}