Difference between revisions of "Quark"
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===About Quarks=== | ===About Quarks=== | ||
| + | : The '''quark''' is denoted with a lower case '''q'''. | ||
: '''Quarks''' are believed to be [[Fundamental Particle|fundamental particles]] but they have never been observed on their own. | : '''Quarks''' are believed to be [[Fundamental Particle|fundamental particles]] but they have never been observed on their own. | ||
: '''Quarks''' always exist as part of [[hadron]] including a [[baryon]], which is a triplet of [[quark]]s or a [[meson]] which is a [[quark]]-[[antiquark]] pair. | : '''Quarks''' always exist as part of [[hadron]] including a [[baryon]], which is a triplet of [[quark]]s or a [[meson]] which is a [[quark]]-[[antiquark]] pair. | ||
: There are 6 types of [[quark]] including: | : There are 6 types of [[quark]] including: | ||
| − | :*[[Up-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]], two of which are found in [[proton]] and one of which is found in a [[neutron]]. | + | :*[[Up-quark]] (u) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]], two of which are found in [[proton]] and one of which is found in a [[neutron]]. |
| − | :*[[Down-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]], two of which are found in a [[neutron]] and one of which is found in a [[proton]]. | + | :*[[Down-quark]] (d) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]], two of which are found in a [[neutron]] and one of which is found in a [[proton]]. |
| − | :*[[Strange-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]] into a [[down-quark]]. | + | :*[[Strange-quark]] (s) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]] into a [[down-quark]]. |
| − | :*[[Top-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. | + | (The following are not on all A-level syllabi) |
| − | :*[[Bottom-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. | + | :*[[Top-quark]] (t) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. |
| − | :*[[Charm-quark]] - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. | + | :*[[Bottom-quark]] (b) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>-\frac{1}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. |
| + | :*[[Charm-quark]] (c) - With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of <math>+\frac{2}{3}</math>[[Elementary Charge|e]] which [[Radioactive Decay|decays]] quickly via the [[Weak Nuclear Interaction|weak interaction]]. | ||
===Conserved Quantities=== | ===Conserved Quantities=== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 27: | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Up-quark]] | [[Up-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Down-quark]] | [[Down-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Strange-quark]] | [[Strange-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=-1</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=-1</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Top-quark]] | [[Top-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Bottom-quark]] | [[Bottom-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Charm-quark]] | [[Charm-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|} | |} | ||
| Line 76: | Line 78: | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Antiup-quark]] | [[Antiup-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Antidown-quark]] | [[Antidown-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Antistrange-quark]] | [[Antistrange-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=+1</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=+1</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Antitop-quark]] | [[Antitop-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Antibottom-quark]] | [[Antibottom-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=+\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"| | ||
[[Anticharm-quark]] | [[Anticharm-quark]] | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>Q=-\frac{2}{3}</math> |
| style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>S=0</math> | ||
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>B=-\frac{1}{3}</math> |
| − | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math> | + | | style="height:20px; width:120px; text-align:center;"|<math>L=0</math> |
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 09:53, 19 May 2024
Key Stage 5
Meaning
Quarks (q) are a type of fermion and are the constituent parts of hadrons.
About Quarks
- The quark is denoted with a lower case q.
- Quarks are believed to be fundamental particles but they have never been observed on their own.
- Quarks always exist as part of hadron including a baryon, which is a triplet of quarks or a meson which is a quark-antiquark pair.
- There are 6 types of quark including:
- Up-quark (u) - With a charge of \(+\frac{2}{3}\)e, two of which are found in proton and one of which is found in a neutron.
- Down-quark (d) - With a charge of \(-\frac{1}{3}\)e, two of which are found in a neutron and one of which is found in a proton.
- Strange-quark (s) - With a charge of \(-\frac{1}{3}\)e which decays quickly via the weak interaction into a down-quark.
(The following are not on all A-level syllabi)
- Top-quark (t) - With a charge of \(+\frac{2}{3}\)e which decays quickly via the weak interaction.
- Bottom-quark (b) - With a charge of \(-\frac{1}{3}\)e which decays quickly via the weak interaction.
- Charm-quark (c) - With a charge of \(+\frac{2}{3}\)e which decays quickly via the weak interaction.
Conserved Quantities
| Quark | Charge/e | Strangeness | Baryon Number | Lepton Number |
| \(Q=+\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=-1\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=+\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=+\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) |
| Antiquark | Charge/e | Strangeness | Baryon Number | Lepton Number |
| \(Q=-\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=+1\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=-\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=+\frac{1}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) | |
| \(Q=-\frac{2}{3}\) | \(S=0\) | \(B=-\frac{1}{3}\) | \(L=0\) |