Open main menu
Key Stage Wiki β

Changes

Alcohol

7,681 bytes added, 10:23, 30 November 2019
no edit summary
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Alcohols''' are [[Organic Compound|organic compounds]] containing an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] chain and the [[General Formula (Chemistry)|general formula]]; C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH. The term '''alcohol''' may also be used to refer to one particular type of [[alcohol]] called [[ethanol]] which is used as a [[drug]].
===About Alcohol Molecules===
: [[Alcohol]]s are a [[Homologous Series|homologous series]] of [[Organic Compound|organic compounds]].
: The [[Functional Group|functional group]] of the [[Alcohol]]s is the OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]].
: [[Alcohol]]s are long chains of [[Carbon]] [[atom]]s [[Covalent Bond|covalently bonded]] together with [[Single Bond|single bonds]], an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]] and [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]s taking the remaining [[Chemical Bond|bonds]].
There are several [[alcohol]] [[molecule]]s you should know:
*[[Methanol]] - CH<sub>3</sub>OH
*[[Propanol]] - C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH
*[[Butanol]] - C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH
*[[Pentanol]] - C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>OH
 
===Alcohol and Disease===
: '''Alcohol''' is a [[Risk Factor|risk factor]] in [[liver]] [[disease]], [[pancreas]] [[disease]], [[diabetes]] and [[cancer]].
 
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Alcohol]]s are [[hydrocarbon]] [[compound]]s with one [[Double Bond|double bond]] and the [[General Formula (Chemistry)|general formula]]; C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>
 
===About Alcohols===
: [[Alcohol]]s are a [[Homologous Series|homologous series]] of [[hydrocarbon]] [[compound]]s.
: The [[Functional Group|functional group]] of the [[Alcohol]]s is the OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]].
: [[Alcohol]]s are long chains of [[Carbon]] [[atom]]s [[Covalent Bond|covalently bonded]] together with [[Single Bond|single bonds]], an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]] and [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]s taking the remaining [[Chemical Bond|bonds]].
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px75px; text-align:center;" || style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |'''Methanol'''| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |'''Ethanol'''| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |'''Propanol'''| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |'''Butanol'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px75px; text-align:center;" |[[Chemical Formula]] (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>)| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px75px; text-align:center;" |[[Structural Formula]]| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH| style="height:20px; width:200px150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px75px; text-align:center;" |[[Structural Diagram]]|[[File:StructuralDiagramMethanol.png|center|200px75px]]|[[File:StructuralDiagramEthanol.png|center|200px100px]]|[[File:StructuralDiagramPropan-1-ol.png|center|200px125px]]|[[File:StructuralDiagramButan-1-ol.png|center|200px150px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px75px; text-align:center;" |[[Ball and Stick Model]]|[[File:BallandStickMethanol.png|center|200px75px]]|[[File:BallandStickEthanol.png|center|200px100px]]|[[File:BallandStickPropanolBallandStickPropan-1-ol.png|center|200px125px]]|[[File:BallandStickButan-1-ol.png|center|200px150px]]
|}
 
===Reactions of Alcohols===
====Combustion====
During [[combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the [[Carbon]] and [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]s are [[oxidised]] to produce [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[Water]].
=====Complete Combustion=====
[[Complete Combustion|Complete combustion]] occurs when there is enough [[Oxygen]] to completely [[Oxidise]] all of the [[atom]]s in the [[alcohol]].
In the [[Complete Combustion|complete combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the only [[product]]s are [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[Water]].
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>2CH_3OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 4H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 3H_2O</math>
 
: [[Propanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>2C_3H_7OH + 9O_2 → 6CO_2 + 8H_2O</math>
 
: [[Butanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_4H_9OH + 6O_2 → 4CO_2 + 5H_2O</math>
 
=====Incomplete Combustion=====
[[Incomplete Combustion|Incomplete combustion]] occurs when there is not enough [[Oxygen]] to [[Oxidise]] all of the [[atom]]s in the [[alcohol]].
During [[Incomplete Combustion|incomplete combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the [[product]]s may include [[Carbon]] ([[soot]]) and [[Carbon Monoxide]].
 
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Water]]
<math>2CH_3OH + O_2 → 2C + 4H_2O</math>
 
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>CH_3OH + O_2 → CO + 2H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_2H_5OH + O_2 → 2C + 3H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_2H_5OH + 2O_2 → 2CO + 3H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>2C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2C + 2CO + 6H_2O</math>
 
====Reaction with Sodium====
[[Sodium]] [[Chemical Reaction|reacts]] with [[alcohol]] to [[product|produce]] [[Hydrogen]] [[gas]].
: [[Methanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Methoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
<math>2CH_3OH + 2Na → 2CH_3ONa + H_2</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Ethoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
<math>2C_2H_5OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 
: [[Propanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Propoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
<math>2C_3H_7OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 
: [[Butanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Butoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
<math>2C_4H_9OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 
====Oxidation====
When [[alcohol]]s are [[oxidised]] without [[combustion]] they [[product|produce]] [[Carboxylic Acid]]s.
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>CH_3OH + O_2 → HCOOH + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_2H_5OH + O_2 → CH_3COOH + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Propanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_3H_7OH + O_2 → C_2H_5COOH + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Butanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
<math>C_4H_9OH + O_2 → C_3H_7COOH + H_2O</math>
 
====Esterification====
[[Alcohol]]s may [[Chemical Reaction|react]] with [[Carboxylic Acid]]s to [[product|produce]] [[compound]]s known as [[ester]]s which have the [[Functional Group|functional group]] -COO-.
: [[Methanol]] + [[Ethanoic Acid]] → Methyl Ethanoate + [[Water]]
<math>CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOCH_3 + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Ethanoic Acid]] → Ethyl Ethanoate + [[Water]]
<math>C_2H_5OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Propanol]] + [[Propanoic Acid]] → Propyl Propanoate + [[Water]]
<math>C_3H_7OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_3H_7 + H_2O</math>
 
: [[Butanol]] + [[Propanoic Acid]] → Butyl Propanoate + [[Water]]
<math>C_4H_9OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_4H_9 + H_2O</math>
 
===References===
====AQA====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols, page 181, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Alcohols, pages 159-163, 170-171, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Alcohols, pages 226-7, 242-3, 245, 248-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Alcohols, pages 234, 238-240, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d33 ''Alcohols, pages 79, 81, 82, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Alcohols; comparing alcohol fuels 187, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols; reactions of, pages 181-2, 184, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols; uses of, page 183, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
 
====Edexcel====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Alcohols, page 291, 299-306, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Alcohols, pages 100, 102-104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Alcohols, pages 178-179, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Alcohols; as fuels, page 104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Alcohols; combustion of, page 303, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Alcohols; ethanol, pages 176-177, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
 
====OCR====
 
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Alcohol, pages 4, 236-237, 240, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Alcohols, pages 243-244, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Alcohols, pages 89, 91, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR Gateway '']
Ellen References
2,903
edits
Retrieved from "https://keystagewiki.com/index.php/Special:MobileDiff/8389...20790"