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(Created page with "==Key Stage 3== ===Meaning=== '''Alcohol''' is a legal drug sold as a drink. ===About Alcohol=== : Alcohol has intoxicating effects on humans, caus...")
 
 
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==Key Stage 4==
 
==Key Stage 4==
 
===Meaning===
 
===Meaning===
−
'''Alcohols''' are a group of [[chemical]]s containing an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] chain. The term '''alcohol''' may also be used to refer to one particular type of [[alcohol]] called [[ethanol]] which is used as a [[drug]].
+
'''Alcohols''' are [[Organic Compound|organic compounds]] containing an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] chain and the [[General Formula|general formula]]; C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH. The term '''alcohol''' may also be used to refer to one particular type of [[alcohol]] called [[ethanol]] which is used as a [[drug]].
  
 
===About Alcohol Molecules===
 
===About Alcohol Molecules===
 +
: [[Alcohol]]s are a [[Homologous Series|homologous series]] of [[Organic Compound|organic compounds]].
 +
: The [[Functional Group|functional group]] of the [[Alcohol]]s is the OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]].
 +
: [[Alcohol]]s are long chains of [[Carbon]] [[atom]]s [[Covalent Bond|covalently bonded]] together with [[Single Bond|single bonds]], an OH group attached to a [[Carbon]] [[atom]] and [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]s taking the remaining [[Chemical Bond|bonds]].
 
There are several [[alcohol]] [[molecule]]s you should know:
 
There are several [[alcohol]] [[molecule]]s you should know:
−
*[[Methanol]] - C<sub>1</sub>H<sub>3</sub>OH
+
*[[Methanol]] - CH<sub>3</sub>OH
 
*[[Ethanol]] - C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH
 
*[[Ethanol]] - C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH
 
*[[Propanol]] - C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH
 
*[[Propanol]] - C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH
 
*[[Butanol]] - C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH
 
*[[Butanol]] - C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH
−
*[[Pentanol]] - C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>OH
+
 
 +
===Examples===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:75px; text-align:center;" |
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |'''Methanol'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |'''Ethanol'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |'''Propanol'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |'''Butanol'''
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:75px; text-align:center;" |[[Chemical Formula]] (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>)
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:75px; text-align:center;" |[[Structural Formula]]
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
 +
| style="height:20px; width:150px; text-align:center;" |CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:75px; text-align:center;" |[[Structural Diagram]]
 +
|[[File:StructuralDiagramMethanol.png|center|75px]]
 +
|[[File:StructuralDiagramEthanol.png|center|100px]]
 +
|[[File:StructuralDiagramPropan-1-ol.png|center|125px]]
 +
|[[File:StructuralDiagramButan-1-ol.png|center|150px]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:75px; text-align:center;" |[[Ball and Stick Model]]
 +
|[[File:BallandStickMethanol.png|center|75px]]
 +
|[[File:BallandStickEthanol.png|center|100px]]
 +
|[[File:BallandStickPropan-1-ol.png|center|125px]]
 +
|[[File:BallandStickButan-1-ol.png|center|150px]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Reactions of Alcohols===
 +
====Combustion====
 +
During [[combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the [[Carbon]] and [[Hydrogen]] [[atom]]s are [[oxidised]] to produce [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[Water]].
 +
=====Complete Combustion=====
 +
[[Complete Combustion|Complete combustion]] occurs when there is enough [[Oxygen]] to completely [[Oxidise]] all of the [[atom]]s in the [[alcohol]].
 +
In the [[Complete Combustion|complete combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the only [[product]]s are [[Carbon Dioxide]] and [[Water]].
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>2CH_3OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 4H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 3H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Propanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>2C_3H_7OH + 9O_2 → 6CO_2 + 8H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Butanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_4H_9OH + 6O_2 → 4CO_2 + 5H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
=====Incomplete Combustion=====
 +
[[Incomplete Combustion|Incomplete combustion]] occurs when there is not enough [[Oxygen]] to [[Oxidise]] all of the [[atom]]s in the [[alcohol]].
 +
During [[Incomplete Combustion|incomplete combustion]] of [[alcohol]]s the [[product]]s may include [[Carbon]] ([[soot]]) and [[Carbon Monoxide]].
 +
 
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>2CH_3OH + O_2 → 2C + 4H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>CH_3OH + O_2 → CO + 2H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_2H_5OH + O_2 → 2C + 3H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_2H_5OH + 2O_2 → 2CO + 3H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Soot]] + [[Carbon Monoxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>2C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2C + 2CO + 6H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
====Reaction with Sodium====
 +
[[Sodium]] [[Chemical Reaction|reacts]] with [[alcohol]] to [[product|produce]] [[Hydrogen]] [[gas]].
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Methoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
 +
<math>2CH_3OH + 2Na → 2CH_3ONa + H_2</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Ethoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
 +
<math>2C_2H_5OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Propanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Propoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
 +
<math>2C_3H_7OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Butanol]] + [[Sodium]] → Sodium Butoxide + [[Hydrogen]]
 +
<math>2C_4H_9OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2</math>
 +
 
 +
====Oxidation====
 +
When [[alcohol]]s are [[oxidised]] without [[combustion]] they [[product|produce]] [[Carboxylic Acid]]s.
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>CH_3OH + O_2 → HCOOH + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_2H_5OH + O_2 → CH_3COOH + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Propanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_3H_7OH + O_2 → C_2H_5COOH + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Butanol]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_4H_9OH + O_2 → C_3H_7COOH + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
====Esterification====
 +
[[Alcohol]]s may [[Chemical Reaction|react]] with [[Carboxylic Acid]]s to [[product|produce]] [[compound]]s known as [[ester]]s which have the [[Functional Group|functional group]] -COO-.
 +
: [[Methanol]] + [[Ethanoic Acid]] → Methyl Ethanoate + [[Water]]
 +
<math>CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOCH_3 + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Ethanol]] + [[Ethanoic Acid]] → Ethyl Ethanoate + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_2H_5OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Propanol]] + [[Propanoic Acid]] → Propyl Propanoate + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_3H_7OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_3H_7 + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
: [[Butanol]] + [[Propanoic Acid]] → Butyl Propanoate + [[Water]]
 +
<math>C_4H_9OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_4H_9 + H_2O</math>
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
====AQA====
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols, page 181, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Alcohols, pages 159-163, 170-171, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Alcohols, pages 226-7, 242-3, 245, 248-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Alcohols, pages 234, 238-240, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d33 ''Alcohols, pages 79, 81, 82, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Alcohols; comparing alcohol fuels 187, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols; reactions of, pages 181-2, 184, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Alcohols; uses of, page 183, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA'']
 +
 
 +
====Edexcel====
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Alcohols, page 291, 299-306, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel  '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Alcohols, pages 100, 102-104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Alcohols, pages 178-179, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Alcohols; as fuels, page 104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Alcohols; combustion of, page 303, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel  '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Alcohols; ethanol, pages 176-177, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
 +
 
 +
====OCR====
 +
 
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Alcohol, pages 4, 236-237, 240, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Alcohols, pages 243-244, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Alcohols, pages 89, 91, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR Gateway '']

Latest revision as of 10:23, 30 November 2019

Key Stage 3

Meaning

Alcohol is a legal drug sold as a drink.

About Alcohol

Alcohol has intoxicating effects on humans, causing them to behave in ways they wouldn't normally when sober.
Alcohol is toxic in large quantities and over long periods of time.
Alcohol poisoning can cause a person to die if too much alcohol is consumed in a short period of time. However, usually people do not die directly from the alcohol but because they drown in their own vomit or become involved in an accident.
Prolonged alcohol abuse can lead to liver and kidney damage and even failure. This may require a liver transplant or a kidney transplant.

Key Stage 4

Meaning

Alcohols are organic compounds containing an OH group attached to a Carbon chain and the general formula; CnH2n+1OH. The term alcohol may also be used to refer to one particular type of alcohol called ethanol which is used as a drug.

About Alcohol Molecules

Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds.
The functional group of the Alcohols is the OH group attached to a Carbon atom.
Alcohols are long chains of Carbon atoms covalently bonded together with single bonds, an OH group attached to a Carbon atom and Hydrogen atoms taking the remaining bonds.

There are several alcohol molecules you should know:

Examples

Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
Chemical Formula (CnH2n+2) CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H9OH
Structural Formula CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Structural Diagram
StructuralDiagramMethanol.png
StructuralDiagramEthanol.png
StructuralDiagramPropan-1-ol.png
StructuralDiagramButan-1-ol.png
Ball and Stick Model
BallandStickMethanol.png
BallandStickEthanol.png
BallandStickPropan-1-ol.png
BallandStickButan-1-ol.png

Reactions of Alcohols

Combustion

During combustion of alcohols the Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are oxidised to produce Carbon Dioxide and Water.

Complete Combustion

Complete combustion occurs when there is enough Oxygen to completely Oxidise all of the atoms in the alcohol. In the complete combustion of alcohols the only products are Carbon Dioxide and Water.

Methanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(2CH_3OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 4H_2O\)

Ethanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2CO_2 + 3H_2O\)

Propanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(2C_3H_7OH + 9O_2 → 6CO_2 + 8H_2O\)

Butanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(C_4H_9OH + 6O_2 → 4CO_2 + 5H_2O\)

Incomplete Combustion

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough Oxygen to Oxidise all of the atoms in the alcohol. During incomplete combustion of alcohols the products may include Carbon (soot) and Carbon Monoxide.

Methanol + Oxygen → Soot + Water

\(2CH_3OH + O_2 → 2C + 4H_2O\)

Methanol + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water

\(CH_3OH + O_2 → CO + 2H_2O\)

Ethanol + Oxygen → Soot + Water

\(C_2H_5OH + O_2 → 2C + 3H_2O\)

Ethanol + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water

\(C_2H_5OH + 2O_2 → 2CO + 3H_2O\)

Ethanol + Oxygen → Soot + Carbon Monoxide + Water

\(2C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 → 2C + 2CO + 6H_2O\)

Reaction with Sodium

Sodium reacts with alcohol to produce Hydrogen gas.

Methanol + Sodium → Sodium Methoxide + Hydrogen

\(2CH_3OH + 2Na → 2CH_3ONa + H_2\)

Ethanol + Sodium → Sodium Ethoxide + Hydrogen

\(2C_2H_5OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2\)

Propanol + Sodium → Sodium Propoxide + Hydrogen

\(2C_3H_7OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2\)

Butanol + Sodium → Sodium Butoxide + Hydrogen

\(2C_4H_9OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2\)

Oxidation

When alcohols are oxidised without combustion they produce Carboxylic Acids.

Methanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(CH_3OH + O_2 → HCOOH + H_2O\)

Ethanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(C_2H_5OH + O_2 → CH_3COOH + H_2O\)

Propanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(C_3H_7OH + O_2 → C_2H_5COOH + H_2O\)

Butanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

\(C_4H_9OH + O_2 → C_3H_7COOH + H_2O\)

Esterification

Alcohols may react with Carboxylic Acids to produce compounds known as esters which have the functional group -COO-.

Methanol + Ethanoic Acid → Methyl Ethanoate + Water

\(CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOCH_3 + H_2O\)

Ethanol + Ethanoic Acid → Ethyl Ethanoate + Water

\(C_2H_5OH + CH_3COOH → CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O\)

Propanol + Propanoic Acid → Propyl Propanoate + Water

\(C_3H_7OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_3H_7 + H_2O\)

Butanol + Propanoic Acid → Butyl Propanoate + Water

\(C_4H_9OH + C_2H_5COOH → C_2H_5COOC_4H_9 + H_2O\)

References

AQA

Alcohols, page 181, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA
Alcohols, pages 159-163, 170-171, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA
Alcohols, pages 226-7, 242-3, 245, 248-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA
Alcohols, pages 234, 238-240, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA
Alcohols, pages 79, 81, 82, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA
Alcohols; comparing alcohol fuels 187, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA
Alcohols; reactions of, pages 181-2, 184, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA
Alcohols; uses of, page 183, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA

Edexcel

Alcohols, page 291, 299-306, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel
Alcohols, pages 100, 102-104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel
Alcohols, pages 178-179, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel
Alcohols; as fuels, page 104, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel
Alcohols; combustion of, page 303, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel
Alcohols; ethanol, pages 176-177, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel

OCR

Alcohol, pages 4, 236-237, 240, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR
Alcohols, pages 243-244, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR
Alcohols, pages 89, 91, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR Gateway
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