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Difference between revisions of "State of Matter"
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===Key Stage 2===
+
==Key Stage 2==
 
===Meaning===
 
===Meaning===
 
'''State of matter''' means whether a [[material]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 
'''State of matter''' means whether a [[material]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 
===About States of Matter===
 
===About States of Matter===
−
: [[Material|Materials]] can be solid, liquid or gas.
+
: [[Material|Materials]] can be [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 
: The '''state of matter''' can be changed by heating or cooling the material.
 
: The '''state of matter''' can be changed by heating or cooling the material.
−
: Heating can turn a solid into a liquid and turn a liquid to a gas.
+
: Heating can turn a [[solid]] into a [[liquid]]. This is called [[melting]].
−
: Cooling can turn a gas into a liquid and liquid into solid.
+
: Heating can turn a [[liquid]] to a [[gas]]. This is called [[evaporating]].
−
 
+
: Cooling can turn a [[gas]] into a [[liquid]]. This is called [[condensing]].
−
====Solid====
+
: Cooling can turn a [[liquid]] into [[solid]]. This is called [[freezing]].
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ Solids are a '''state of matter''' that:
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:SolidPour.png|center|600px]]
+
|[[File:BrickRed.png|center|200px]]
 +
|[[File:Water.png|center|200px]]
 +
|[[File:Balloon.png|center|200px]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Brick]] is a [[solid]] material.
−
*Cannot be poured.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Water]] is a [[liquid]] material.
−
*Hold their shape if you leave them alone.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Inside the balloon is a [[gas]] called [[helium]].
−
*Do not flow.
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Key Stage 3==
 +
===Meaning===
 +
'''State of matter''' means whether a [[material]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 +
===About States of Matter===
 +
: [[Material|Materials]] can be [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 +
: The '''state of matter''' can be changed by heating or cooling the material.
 +
: Heating can turn a [[solid]] into a [[liquid]] by [[melting]] or it can turn a [[solid]] straight into a [[gas]] by [[subliming]].
 +
: Heating can turn a [[liquid]] to a [[gas]]. This is called [[evaporating]].
 +
: Cooling can turn a [[gas]] into a [[liquid]] by [[condensing]] or it can turn a [[gas]] into a [[solid]] by [[depositing]].
 +
: Cooling can turn a [[liquid]] into [[solid]]. This is called [[freezing]].
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:SolidSquash.png|center|600px]]
+
|[[File:ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png|center|500px]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |'''Solids''' cannot be squashed into a smaller size. You can change their shape, but their size stays the same.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This [[diagram]] shows the 3 '''states of matter''' in the [[Particle Model|particle model]].
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Examples of solid [[Material|materials]]:
+
===Properties of the States of Matter===
−
*Brick
 
−
*Wood
 
−
*Plastic
 
−
*Glass
 
−
*Ice
 
−
 
 
−
====Liquid====
 
−
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ Liquids are a '''state of matter''' that:
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Solid'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Liquid'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Gas'''
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Cannot be compressed.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Cannot be compressed.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Can be compressed.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:LiquidPour.png|center|600px]]
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Does not flow.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Can flow.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Can flow.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Holds its shape.
−
*Can be poured and will flow.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Fits the shape of the container.
−
*Cannot hold their shape
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Fits the size and shape of the container.
−
*Fit the shape of the container.
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Key Stage 4==
 +
===Meaning===
 +
'''State of matter''' means whether a [[material]] is [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 +
===About States of Matter===
 +
: [[Material|Materials]] can be [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]].
 +
: The '''state of matter''' can be altered by changing the [[temperature]] of the [[material]] or changing the [[pressure]] on the [[material]].
 +
: The [[property|properties]] of [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es can be explained by the way the [[particle]]s inside those [[substance]]s behave.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Solids
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Diagram'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Arrangement'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Property'''
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="6"|[[File:ParticleModelSolid.png|center|200px]]
 +
|rowspan="2"|[[Particle]]s are in fixed positions.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Solid]]s hold their shape.
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Convection]] cannot happen in [[solid]]s.
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="4"|[[Particle]]s are very close together.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Solid]]s cannot be [[compressed]].
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Sound]] passes through [[solid]]s faster than [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:LiquidSquash.png|center|600px]]
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Particle]]s [[vibrate]].
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |'''Liquids''' cannot be squashed into a smaller size. You can change their shape, but their size stays the same.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Thermal Conduction]] happens best in [[solid]]s.
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
Examples of liquid [[Material|materials]]:
 
−
*Water
 
−
*Oil
 
−
 
−
====Gas====
 
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ Gases are a '''state of matter''' that:
+
|+Liquids
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:GasPour.png|center|600px]]
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Diagram'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Arrangement'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Property'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |
+
|rowspan="6"|[[File:ParticleModelLiquid.png|center|200px]]
−
*Cannot hold their shape.
+
|rowspan="3"|[[Particle]]s can slide past each other.
−
*Fit the shape of their container.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Liquid]]s can be poured.
−
*Can be poured and will flow.
+
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Liquid]]s fit the shape of their container.
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Convection]] happens in [[solid]]s.
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="3"|[[Particle]]s are close together.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Liquid]]s cannot be [[compressed]].
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Sound]] passes through [[liquid]]s faster than  [[gas]]es.
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Thermal Conduction]] happens in [[liquid]]s but not as well as in [[solid]]s.
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Gases
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Diagram'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Particle Arrangement'''
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Property'''
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="6"|[[File:ParticleModelGas.png|center|200px]]
 +
|rowspan="3"|[[Particle]]s are free to move in all directions.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Gas]]es fit the size of their container.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:GasSquash.png|center|600px]]
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Gas]]es fit the shape of their container.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |'''Gases''' can be squashed into a smaller size.
+
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Convection]] happens most easily in [[gas]]es.
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="3"|[[Particle]]s are spread apart.
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Gas]]es can be [[compressed]] into a smaller [[Volume (Space)|volume]].
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Sound]] passes through [[gas]]es slower than [[liquid]]s and [[solid]]s.
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Thermal Conduction]] is very poor in a [[gas]]es.
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Examples of gas [[Material|materials]]:
+
====Why isn't everything a gas?====
−
*Air (A mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen)
+
: When [[particle]]s are near each other, they tend to stick together. This is due to [[force]]s acting between [[adjacent]] [[particle]]s. When two [[particle]]s are near one another they are [[attracted]] together. This causes those [[particle]]s to come together. Without this [[force]] of [[attraction]] between particles they would not stick together and there would be no [[solid]] or [[liquid]] '''states'''.
−
*Steam
+
: What determines if a [[substance]] is a [[solid]], [[liquid]] or [[gas]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]] is how big that [[force]] of [[attraction]] is.
 +
====Why Solids and Liquids exist====
 +
: Different [[substance]]s have a different [[force]] of [[attraction]] between the [[adjacent]] [[particle]]s.
 +
: Silicon dioxide (sand and glass) is [[solid]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]] because there is a strong [[force]] of [[attraction]] between [[adjacent]] [[molecule]]s.
 +
: [[Water]] is a [[liquid]] at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]] because the [[force]] of [[attraction]] is not great enough to hold the [[molecule]]s in position. However, it is great enough to keep them together.
 +
: [[Oxygen]] is a gas at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]] because there is a very weak [[force]] of [[attraction]] between [[adjacent]] [[molecule]]s.
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
====AQA====
 +
 
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''States of matter, pages 106, 107, 110-113, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10313 ''States of matter, pages 121, 122, 193, 195, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''States of matter, pages 164-5, 323, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d244 ''States of matter, pages 36, 37, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''States of matter, pages 36-37, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac428 ''States of matter, pages 38-40, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''States of matter, pages 49-50, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''States of matter, pages 56-7, 59, 68-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''States of matter, pages 78-85, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''States of matter, pages 84, 100-1, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''States of matter, pages 96, 97, 100-103, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''States of matter, pages 97, 101, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''States of matter, pages 99, 103, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''States of matter; changes of, pages 324-5, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
 +
 
 +
====Edexcel====
 +
 
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Sates of matter, pages 97, 98, 201, 203, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''States of matter, page 182, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''States of matter, pages 2-3, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''States of matter, pages 299, 300, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''States of matter, pages 94, 96, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''States of matter, pages 95-99, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''States of matter; changing state, pages 302, 303, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
 +
 
 +
====OCR====
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''States of matter, page 12, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''States of matter, page 14, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''States of matter, pages 18-21, 76-77, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
 +
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''States of matter, pages 82, 152, 154, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Latest revision as of 10:53, 24 February 2021

Key Stage 2

Meaning

State of matter means whether a material is solid, liquid or gas.

About States of Matter

Materials can be solid, liquid or gas.
The state of matter can be changed by heating or cooling the material.
Heating can turn a solid into a liquid. This is called melting.
Heating can turn a liquid to a gas. This is called evaporating.
Cooling can turn a gas into a liquid. This is called condensing.
Cooling can turn a liquid into solid. This is called freezing.
BrickRed.png
Water.png
Balloon.png
Brick is a solid material. Water is a liquid material. Inside the balloon is a gas called helium.

Key Stage 3

Meaning

State of matter means whether a material is solid, liquid or gas.

About States of Matter

Materials can be solid, liquid or gas.
The state of matter can be changed by heating or cooling the material.
Heating can turn a solid into a liquid by melting or it can turn a solid straight into a gas by subliming.
Heating can turn a liquid to a gas. This is called evaporating.
Cooling can turn a gas into a liquid by condensing or it can turn a gas into a solid by depositing.
Cooling can turn a liquid into solid. This is called freezing.
ParticleModelSolidLiquidGas.png
This diagram shows the 3 states of matter in the particle model.

Properties of the States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas
Cannot be compressed. Cannot be compressed. Can be compressed.
Does not flow. Can flow. Can flow.
Holds its shape. Fits the shape of the container. Fits the size and shape of the container.

Key Stage 4

Meaning

State of matter means whether a material is solid, liquid or gas.

About States of Matter

Materials can be solid, liquid or gas.
The state of matter can be altered by changing the temperature of the material or changing the pressure on the material.
The properties of solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the way the particles inside those substances behave.
Solids
Particle Diagram Particle Arrangement Property
ParticleModelSolid.png
 Particles are in fixed positions. Solids hold their shape.
Convection cannot happen in solids.
Particles are very close together. Solids cannot be compressed.
Sound passes through solids faster than liquids and gases.
Particles vibrate.
Thermal Conduction happens best in solids.
Liquids
Particle Diagram Particle Arrangement Property
ParticleModelLiquid.png
 Particles can slide past each other. Liquids can be poured.
Liquids fit the shape of their container.
Convection happens in solids.
Particles are close together. Liquids cannot be compressed.
Sound passes through liquids faster than gases.
Thermal Conduction happens in liquids but not as well as in solids.
Gases
Particle Diagram Particle Arrangement Property
ParticleModelGas.png
 Particles are free to move in all directions. Gases fit the size of their container.
Gases fit the shape of their container.
Convection happens most easily in gases.
Particles are spread apart. Gases can be compressed into a smaller volume.
Sound passes through gases slower than liquids and solids.
Thermal Conduction is very poor in a gases.

Why isn't everything a gas?

When particles are near each other, they tend to stick together. This is due to forces acting between adjacent particles. When two particles are near one another they are attracted together. This causes those particles to come together. Without this force of attraction between particles they would not stick together and there would be no solid or liquid states.
What determines if a substance is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature is how big that force of attraction is.

Why Solids and Liquids exist

Different substances have a different force of attraction between the adjacent particles.
Silicon dioxide (sand and glass) is solid at room temperature because there is a strong force of attraction between adjacent molecules.
Water is a liquid at room temperature because the force of attraction is not great enough to hold the molecules in position. However, it is great enough to keep them together.
Oxygen is a gas at room temperature because there is a very weak force of attraction between adjacent molecules.

References

AQA

States of matter, pages 106, 107, 110-113, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 121, 122, 193, 195, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 164-5, 323, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA
States of matter, pages 36, 37, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 36-37, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA
States of matter, pages 38-40, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 49-50, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA
States of matter, pages 56-7, 59, 68-9, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA
States of matter, pages 78-85, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA
States of matter, pages 84, 100-1, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA
States of matter, pages 96, 97, 100-103, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 97, 101, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA
States of matter, pages 99, 103, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA
States of matter; changes of, pages 324-5, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA

Edexcel

Sates of matter, pages 97, 98, 201, 203, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel
States of matter, page 182, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel
States of matter, pages 2-3, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel
States of matter, pages 299, 300, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel
States of matter, pages 94, 96, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel
States of matter, pages 95-99, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel
States of matter; changing state, pages 302, 303, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel

OCR

States of matter, page 12, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR
States of matter, page 14, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR
States of matter, pages 18-21, 76-77, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR
States of matter, pages 82, 152, 154, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR
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