Biology Key Stage 4

Cell Biology

Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

• Animal Cell
  • Specialised Animal Cell
  • Stem Cell
• Plant Cell
  • Specialised Plant Cell
  • Meristem
• Fungal Cell
• Protist

Cell Structure

• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Ribosome

• Organelles
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondrion
  • Chloroplast
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Flagellum

Prokaryotic Cell

• Bacteria

Cell Structure

• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Bacterial Cell Wall
• Slime Capsule
• Flagellum
• Loop of DNA
• Plasmid
• Ribosome

Cell Division

• Mitosis
• Meiosis
• Stem Cells
• Differentiation

Observing Cells

• Light Microscope
• Electron Microscope

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Using a Microscope

Transport in Cells

• Diffusion (adaptations for diffusion)
• Osmosis
• Active Transport
• Adaptations for Transport

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Osmosis in Plant Tissue

Enzymes

• pH and Enzymes
• Temperature and Enzymes
• Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Enzyme Rates of Reaction

Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
• Exercise and Respiration
• Lactic Acid (Removing Lactic Acid with the Liver)

Key Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Nucleic Acid
• Lipid

Organisation

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems

Organ Systems in Animals

Digestive System

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Liver (Hepatic Portal vein, detoxifying, lactic acid removal, break down of red blood cells)
  • Gall Bladder
  • Bile Duct
    • Bile
• Pancreas
• Small Intestine
  • Villi
• Large Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

Digestion

• Nutrients
  • Complex Carbohydrates
    • Glucose
    • Fructose
  • Proteins
    • Amino Acids
  • Lipids
    • Glycerol
    • Fatty Acid
• Digestive Enzymes
  • Amylase
  • Protease
  • Lipase
  • Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Food Tests

Circulatory System

• Heart
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Heart Valves
  • Coronary Arteries
  • Stent
  • Pacemaker

• Blood
  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets

• Blood Vessels
  • Artery
  • Vein
  • Capillary

Breathing System

• Mouth
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Lungs
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
• Rib Cage
  • Intercostal Muscle
• Diaphragm

Organ Systems in Plants

Transport System

• Xylem Tissue
  • Transpiration
    • Guard Cells
    • Potometer
• Phloem Tissue
  • Translocation

Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Disease

• Pathogens
  • Bacteria
    • Salmonella
    • Gonorrhea
  • Fungi
    • Rose Blackspot
  • Protist
    • Malaria
  • Viruses
    • Measles
    • HIV
    • Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Culturing Bacteria

• Aseptic Technique
• Antiseptic
• Antibiotic

Communication of Disease

Preventing Infection

• Hygiene
• Vaccination
• Quarantine

Non-communicable Diseases

• Cancer
• Heart Disease
• Diabetes

Risk Factors in Disease

• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Obesity
• Ionising Radiation

Reducing Chances of Disease

• Exercise
• Balanced Diet
• Pollution and Health

Immune System

• White Blood Cells
  • Phagocyte
  • Lymphocyte
  • Antibody

Medicine

Drug

• Antibiotic
• Antibacterial
• Antifungal
• Antiviral
• Vaccination
• Painkiller
• Monoclonal Antibody
  • Hybridoma
  • Antigen

Drug Development

• Preclinical Testing
• Clinical Trial
• Placebo
• Double Blind Trial

Coordination and Control

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Neurone
  • Receptor Cell
  • Sensory Neurone
  • Relay Neurone
  • Motor Neurone
• Reflex Arc
  • Action Potential
• Sensory Organs
  • Eye

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Factors affecting Human Reaction Time

Endocrine System

• Endocrine Gland
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Ovary
  • Testis
• Hormone
• Target Organ
• Reproductive Hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Progesterone
• Menstrual Cycle
• Contraception
  • Hormonal Contraception
  • Non-hormonal Contraception

Homeostasis

• Osmoregulation
• Thermoregulation
• Blood Glucose Regulation

Plant Hormones

• Auxin
• Gibberellin
• Phototropism
• Gravitropism

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Tropic Effects on Seedling Growth

Photosynthesis

Adaptations for Photosynthesis

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

Ecosystems

Trophic Levels

• Food Chain
• Food Web
• Biomass
  • Pyramid of Biomass

Environmental Factors

• Physical Environment
• Biotic Environmental Factors
  • Biological Community
  • Feeding Relationships
    • Predator
    • Prey
    • Consumers
    • Parasite
    • Mutualist
    • Decomposers

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Decay of Organic Material

Material Cycling

• Water Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle

Adaptation

• Habitat

Biodiversity

• Classification Key
• Sampling
  • Quadrat
  • Transect

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Measuring Population in a Habitat

Human Effect on Ecosystems

• Nature Reserves
• Protected Species
• Pollution
  • Water Pollution
  • Air Pollution
• Habitat Destruction
  • Deforestation
  • Global Warming
• Food Production

Evolution, Inheritance and Variation

Genome

• Gene
• DNA
• Chromosome

Genotype

• Sex Determination

Phenotype

• Gene
• Allele
  • Dominant Allele
  • Recessive Allele
• Punnet Square
• Genetic Cross Diagram

Inheritance

Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction
  • Mitosis
• Sexual Reproduction
• Meiosis
  • Gamete
  • Haploid
  • Diploid

Evolution by Natural Selection

• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding