Biology Key Stage 4 V2

Main Page - Science Subject - Science Key Stage 4 - Biology Key Stage 4

Cell Biology

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells

• Bacteria
• Archae

Organelles

• Loop of DNA
• Plasmids
• Ribosomes
• Cell Membrane
• Bacterial Cell Wall
• Flagellum

Eukaryotic Cell

• Animal Cell
  • Specialised Animal Cells
• Plant Cell
  • Specialised Plant Cells
• Fungal Cell
• Protist

Organelles

• Cell Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Ribosomes
• Flagellum

Membrane Bound Organelles

• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Permanent Vacuole

Microscopes

• Light Microscope
• Electron Microscope

Culturing Micro-organisms

• Aseptic Technique

Growth and development of cells

Cell Cycle

• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis

Cell Differentiation

• Stem Cells
  • Embryonic Stem Cells
  • Adult Stem Cells
  • Meristem

Meiosis

• Gametes
• Chromosome
• Haploid

Cell Metabolism

Enzymes

• Active Site
• pH and Enzymes
• Temperature and Enzymes
• Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Enzyme Rates of Reaction

Respiration

• • Aerobic Respiration
  • Anaerobic Respiration

Nutrients

• Carbohydrates
  • Simple Sugars
  • Complex Carbohydrates
• Protein
  • Amino Acids
• Lipids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Glycerol

Transport systems

Transport in cells

• Diffusion
  • Exchange Surfaces
• Osmosis

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Osmosis in Plant Tissue

• Active Transport

Transport systems in multicellular organisms

• Exchange Surface
• Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Digestive System

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Liver
  • Gall Bladder
  • Bile Duct
    • Bile
• Pancreas
• Small Intestine
  • Villi
• Large Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

Digestion

• Nutrients
  • Carbohydrates
    • Polysaccharidess
      • Starch
    • Monosaccharides
      • Glucose
      • Fructose
  • Proteins
    • Amino Acids
  • Lipids
    • Glycerol
    • Fatty Acid
• Digestive Enzymes
  • Carbohydrase
    • Amylase
    • Salivary Amylase
    • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Protease
    • Pepsin
    • Trypsin
    • Peptidase
  • Lipase
  • Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Food Tests

Human circulatory system

• Circulatory System
• Heart
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Heart Valves
  • Coronary Arteries
  • Stent
  • Pacemaker

• Blood
  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets

• Blood Vessels
  • Artery
  • Vein
  • Capillary

Breathing System

• Mouth
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Lungs
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
• Rib Cage
  • Intercostal Muscle
• Diaphragm

Transport systems in plants

• Root Hair Cells
• Xylem Tissue
  • Transpiration
    • Guard Cells
    • Potometer
• Phloem Tissue
  • Translocation

Health, disease and the development of medicines

Health and Disease

• Health
• Disease

Communicable diseases

• Pathogens
  • Pathogenic Bacteria
    • Salmonella
    • E.coli
    • Gonorrhea
  • Pathogenic Fungi
    • Thrush
    • Rose Blackspot
  • Pathogenic Protist
    • Malaria
  • Viruses
    • Measles
    • HIV
    • Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Human Defences Against Micro-Organisms

• Immune System
• White Blood Cells
  • Phagocyte
  • Lymphocyte
  • Antibody

Higher

• Monoclonal Antibody
  • Hybridoma
  • Antigen

Plant Diseases

• Plant Deficiency Diseases
• Rose Blackspot
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Treating, curing and preventing disease

Preventing Infection

• Hygiene
• Vaccination
• Quarantine

Treating infection

• Antibiotic
• Antibacterial Medicine
• Antifungal Medicine
• Antiviral Medicine

Medicine Development

• Preclinical Testing
• Clinical Trial
• Placebo
• Double Blind Trial

Non-communicable diseases in humans

• Non-communicable Disease
  • Cancer
  • Coronary Heart Disease
    • Stent
    • Pacemaker
    • Coronary Bypass
  • Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes

Risk Factors in Disease

• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Obesity
• Ionising Radiation
• Pollution

Reducing Chances of Disease

• Exercise
• Balanced Diet

Coordination and control

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System
  • Brain
    • Brain Damage - Higher
  • Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Neuron
  • Receptor Cell
  • Sensory Neuron
  • Relay Neuron
  • Motor Neuron
  • Synapse
• Reflex Arc
  • Action Potential
• Sensory Organs
  • Eye
    • Defects of the Eye

Hormonal coordination and control in humans

Endocrine System

• Endocrine Gland
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Ovary
  • Testis
• Hormones
  • Adrenalin - Higher
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone - Higher
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Human Growth Hormones
  • Control Hormones
  • Thyroxine - Higher
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone - Higher
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Higher
  • Luteinising Hormone - Higher
• Target Organ
• Negative Feedback - Higher
• Reproductive Hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Higher
  • Luteinising Hormone - Higher
  • Progesterone - Higher
• Menstrual Cycle
• Contraception
  • Hormonal Contraception
  • Non-hormonal Contraception
• Fertility Treatment
  • IVF

Plant Hormones

• Plant Hormones
  • Auxin
  • Gibberellin - Higher
  • Ethene - Higher
• Tropic Responses
  • Phototropism
  • Gravitropism

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Tropic Effects on Seedling Growth

Homeostasis in Humans

Homeostasis

• Osmoregulation - effects on cells
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone
  • Kidneys
    • Nephrons
  • Urine
  • Urea
  • Dialysis
• Thermoregulation
  • Skin
    • Vasodilation
    • Vasoconstriction
• Blood Glucose Regulation (glucagon in higher)
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon - Higher
  • Glycogen
  • Diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes

Photosynthesis

Importance of photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis
• Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
• Adaptations for Photosynthesis

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

Ecosystems

Levels of organisation within an ecosystem

• Organism
• Population
• Biological Community
• Habitat
• Ecosystem
• Abiotic Environmental Factors
• Biotic Environmental Factors
• Feeding Relationships
  • Predator
  • Prey
  • Producers
  • Consumers
  • Parasites
  • Mutualists
  • Decomposers
  • Detrivores
• Competition
  • Competition between Animals
  • Competition between Plants
• Interdependence
• Survival of the Fittest

The principle of material cycling

• Water Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Decomposition
• Decomposers

Pyramids of biomass and transfer through trophic levels

Trophic Levels

• Food Chain
• Food Web
• Biomass
  • Pyramid of Biomass

Biodiversity

• Biodiversity
• Classification Key
• Sampling
  • Quadrat
  • Transect

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Measuring Population in a Habitat

Human Effect on Ecosystems

• Nature Reserves
• Protected Species
• Pollution
• Habitat Destruction
  • Deforestation
  • Global Warming

Some of the biological challenges of increasing food yields using fewer resources

• Food Production - changing diet, pests, pathogens, environmental change, genetic modification, improved agricultural techniques.

Inheritance, variation and evolution

Reproduction

• Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction - advantages/disadvantages
  • Mitosis
• Sexual Reproduction - advantages/disadvantages
  • Meiosis
    • Gamete
    • Haploid
    • Diploid
• Mutation

The genome and gene expression

Genetics

• Genome - importance in medicine

Genotype

• DNA
  • Nucleotide
  • Gene
    • Gene Expression - Higher - variants due to different proteins
    • Protein Synthesis - Higher
  • Coding DNA - Higher
  • Non-coding DNA - Higher - switch
• Chromosome

Phenotype

• Gene
• Allele
  • Dominant Allele
  • Recessive Allele
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous

Inheritance

• Inheritance
• Punnett Square
• Genetic Cross Diagram
• Family Tree
• Inherited Disorder
  • Polydactyly
  • Sickle Cell Anemia
  • Cystic Fibrosis
• Sex Determination
• Mendel

Variation and evolution

• Variation - mutation as the source
• Development of the Theory of Evolution
• Speciation
• Charles Darwin
• Natural Selection
• Speciation
• Evidence for Evolution
  • Fossils
  • Extinction
  • Antibiotic Resistance

Classification

• Linnaeus Classification System
  • Binomial Classification
• Three Domain System

Selective breeding and gene technology

• Selective Breeding
• Genetic Engineering
  • Cloning
  • Genetically Modified Organism - process is higher, ethics
    • Golden Rice
    • Insulin Production