Biology Key Stage 4

Contents

Cell Biology

Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

• Animal Cell
  • Specialised Animal Cell
  • Stem Cell
• Plant Cell
  • Specialised Plant Cell
  • Meristem
• Fungal Cell
• Protist

Cell Structure

• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Ribosome
• Organelles
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondrion
  • Chloroplast
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Flagellum

Prokaryotic Cell

• Bacteria

Cell Structure

• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Bacterial Cell Wall
• Slime Capsule
• Flagellum
• Loop of DNA
• Plasmid
• Ribosome

Cell Cycle

• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis

Cell Division

• Mitosis
• Meiosis
• Stem Cells
• Differentiation

Observing Cells

• Light Microscope
• Electron Microscope

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Using a Microscope

Transport in Cells

• Diffusion across a Membrane
• Osmosis
• Active Transport

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Osmosis in Plant Tissue

Enzymes

• pH and Enzymes
• Temperature and Enzymes
• Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Enzyme Rates of Reaction

Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
• Exercise and Respiration
• Lactic Acid

Key Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Nucleic Acid
• Lipid

Organisation

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems

Organ Systems in Animals

Digestive System

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Liver
  • Gall Bladder
  • Bile Duct
    • Bile
• Pancreas
• Small Intestine
  • Villi
• Large Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

Digestion

• Nutrients
  • Carbohydrates
    • Polysaccharidess
      • Starch
    • Monosaccharides
      • Glucose
      • Fructose
  • Proteins
    • Amino Acids
  • Lipids
    • Glycerol
    • Fatty Acid
• Digestive Enzymes
  • Carbohydrase
    • Amylase
    • Salivary Amylase
    • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Protease
    • Pepsin
    • Trypsin
    • Peptidase
  • Lipase
  • Denaturing Enzymes

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Food Tests

Circulatory System

• Heart
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Heart Valves
  • Coronary Arteries
  • Stent
  • Pacemaker

• Blood
  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets

• Blood Vessels
  • Artery
  • Vein
  • Capillary

Breathing System

• Mouth
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Lungs
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
• Rib Cage
  • Intercostal Muscle
• Diaphragm

Organ Systems in Plants

Transport System

• Xylem Tissue
  • Transpiration
    • Guard Cells
    • Potometer
• Phloem Tissue
  • Translocation

Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Health

Disease

Communicable Diseases

• Pathogens
  • Bacteria
    • Salmonella
    • E.coli
    • Gonorrhea
  • Fungi
    • Thrush
    • Rose Blackspot
  • Protist
    • Malaria
  • Viruses
    • Measles
    • HIV
    • Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Culturing Micro-organisms

• Aseptic Technique
• Antiseptic
• Antibiotic

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Effects of Disinfectants and Antibiotics

Communication of Disease

Preventing Infection

• Hygiene
• Vaccination
• Quarantine

Non-communicable Diseases

• Cancer
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Diabetes

Risk Factors in Disease

• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Obesity
• Ionising Radiation
• Pollution

Reducing Chances of Disease

• Exercise
• Balanced Diet

Human Defences Against Micro-Organisms

Immune System

• White Blood Cells
  • Phagocyte
  • Lymphocyte
  • Antibody

Medicine

Drug

• Antibiotic
• Antibacterial Medicine
• Antifungal Medicine
• Antiviral Medicine
• Vaccination
• Painkiller
• Monoclonal Antibody
  • Hybridoma
  • Antigen

Medicine Development

• Preclinical Testing
• Clinical Trial
• Placebo
• Double Blind Trial

Plant Diseases

• Plant Deficiency Diseases
• Rose Blackspot
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Plant Defences Against Micro-Organisms

Coordination and Control

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Neuron
  • Receptor Cell
  • Sensory Neuron
  • Relay Neuron
  • Motor Neuron
  • Synapse
• Reflex Arc
  • Action Potential
• Sensory Organs

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Factors affecting Human Reaction Time

Endocrine System

• Endocrine Gland
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Ovary
  • Testis
• Hormones
  • Adrenalin
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Human Growth Hormones
  • Control Hormones
  • Thyroxine
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Luteinising Hormone
• Target Organ
• Reproductive Hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Luteinising Hormone
  • Progesterone
• Menstrual Cycle
• Contraception
  • Hormonal Contraception
  • Non-hormonal Contraception
• Fertility Treatment
  • IVF

Homeostasis

• Osmoregulation
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone
  • Kidneys
  • Dialysis
• Thermoregulation
• Blood Glucose Regulation
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Glycogen
  • Diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes

Negative Feedback

Plant Hormones

• Auxin
• Gibberellin
• Phototropism
• Gravitropism

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Tropic Effects on Seedling Growth

Photosynthesis

Rate of Photosynthesis

Adaptations for Photosynthesis

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

Ecosystems

Trophic Levels

• Food Chain
• Food Web
• Biomass
  • Pyramid of Biomass

Environmental Factors

• Abiotic Environmental Factors
• Biotic Environmental Factors
  • Biological Community
  • Population
  • Feeding Relationships
    • Predator
    • Prey
    • Producers
    • Consumers
    • Parasites
    • Mutualists
    • Decomposers
    • Detrivores
• Competition

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Decay of Organic Material

Material Cycling

• Water Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle

Adaptation

• Habitat
• Survival of the Fittest

Biodiversity

• Classification Key
• Sampling
  • Quadrat
  • Transect

GCSE Biology Required Practical: Measuring Population in a Habitat

Human Effect on Ecosystems

• Nature Reserves
• Protected Species
• Pollution
• Habitat Destruction
  • Deforestation
  • Global Warming
• Food Production

Evolution, Inheritance and Variation

Genetics

• Mendel
• Genome
• DNA
  • Nucleotide
  • Gene
    • Gene Expression
    • Protein Synthesis
• Chromosome

Genotype

• Sex Determination

Phenotype

• Gene
• Allele
  • Dominant Allele
  • Recessive Allele
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous

Variation

Inheritance

• Punnett Square
• Genetic Cross Diagram
• Inherited Disorder
  • Polydactyly
  • Sickle Cell Anemia
  • Cystic Fibrosis

Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction
  • Mitosis
• Sexual Reproduction
• Meiosis
  • Gamete
  • Haploid
  • Diploid
• Mutation

Evolution by Natural Selection

• Development of the Theory of Evolution
• Speciation
• Charles Darwin
• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding
• Speciation
• Evidence for Evolution
  • Fossils
  • Extinction
  • Antibiotic Resistance

Classification

• Linnaeus Classification System
  • Binomial Classification
• Three Domain System

Genetic Engineering

• Cloning
• Genetically Modified Organism