Chemistry Key Stage 4

Contents

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Atoms

Atomic Structure

• The Dalton Model of the Atom
• The Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
• The Nuclear Model of the Atom
  • Rutherford's Alpha Scattering Experiment
• The Bohr Model of the Atom
• Nucleus
  • Nucleon
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
• Electrons
  • Electron Shells
    • Outer Shell
  • Ions
• Atomic Number
  • Relative Atomic Charge
• Relative Atomic Mass
  • Isotopes
• Calculating the Numbers of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

Periodic Table

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Groups

• Group 1 The Alkali Metals
• Group 7 The Halogens
• Group 0 The Nobel Gases

Reactivity

Periods

Elements

• Electronic Structure
• Chemical Symbols
• Chemical Formulae

Chemical Reactions

• Electron Transfer
• Proton Transfer
• Electron Sharing

• Chemical Property
• Chemical Equation
  • Word Equation
  • Balanced Symbol Equation
• Metals
• Non-metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition Metals

• Melting Point
• Density
• Reactivity
• Ion Formation
• Catalysts

Structure, Bonding and the Properties of Matter

Properties of Matter

Particle Model

• Limitations of the Particle Model

Bonds

• Chemical Bonds
• Intermolecular Forces

Physical Change

Chemical Change

State of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

State Change

• Melting
  • Melting Point
• Freezing
• Evaporating
• Boiling
  • Boiling Point
• Condensing
• Subliming
• Depositing
  • Ice-Water Anomaly
• Dissolving

Chemical Bonds

• Covalent Bonds
  • Simple Covalent Molecules
    • Polymers
  • Giant Covalent Structure
• Ionic Bonds
  • Ionic Compounds
  • Giant Ionic Structures
• Metallic Bonds
  • Giant Metallic Structures
• Dot and Cross Diagram
• Bond
  • Single Bond
  • Double Bond
  • Triple Bond

Carbon

• Diamond
• Graphite
• Graphene
• Fullerenes
• Carbon Compounds
  • Polymers

Nanoparticles

• Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Chemical Changes

Chemical Symbols, Formulae and Equations

• Chemical Symbol
• Chemical Formula
  • Moles
    • Relative Atomic Mass
  • Empirical Formula
    • Relative Formula Mass
• Concentration
  • Molarity
• Chemical Reaction
  • Conservation of Mass
  • Balanced Symbol Equation
    • State Symbols
  • Half Equation
• Limiting Reactants
• Yield
  • Percentage Yield

Gas Tests

• Testing for Carbon Dioxide
• Testing for Hydrogen
• Testing for Oxygen
• Testing for Chlorine

Chemistry of Acids

• Acid
  • Hydrogen Ions
• Neutral
• Base
  • Alkalis
    • Hydroxide Ions
• pH Scale
  • pH Indicator
  • Acidity
  • Neutrality
  • Alkalinity
• Neutralisation
  • Titration

GCSE Chemistry Required Practical: Titration

Common Neutralisation Reactions of Acids

• Acid + Metal → Metal Salt + Hydrogen
• Acid + Metal Oxide → Metal Salt + Water
• Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Metal Salt + Water
• Acid + Metal Carbonate → Metal Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Reactivity Series

Reactivity

• Metals
• Metal Ions
• Positive Ions

Electrolysis

• Electrodes
  • Anode
  • Cathode
• Ion
  • Positive Ion
  • Negative Ion

Electrolysis of Molten Ionic Compounds

Electrolysis of Aqueous Ionic Compounds

Redox Reactions

• Reduction
• Oxidation

Energy Changes in Chemistry

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

• Exothermic
• Endothermic
• Reaction Profile
  • Activation Energy
• Bond Energy

Carbon Compounds as Fuels and Feedstock

• Hydrocarbon
• Crude Oil
• Feedstock

Chemical Cells and Fuel Cells

• Electrical Cell
• Fuel Cells

The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change

Factors that influence the rate of reaction, including catalysts

• Rate of Reaction (graph analysis)
  • Determining the Rate of Reaction
  • Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
  • Collision Theory
  • Catalyst

Reversible reactions and dynamic Equilibrium

• Reversible Reactions
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Position (Higher)

Organic Chemistry

Homologous series, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids

Organic Compounds

• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alcohols
• Carboxylic Acids

Homologous Series

• Functional Group

Representing Organic Compounds

• General Formula
• Structural Formula
• Structural Diagram
• Ball and Stick Model

Simple Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols

• Reactions of Alkanes
• Reactions of Alkenes
• Reactions of Alcohols
• Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Synthetic and naturally occuring polymers including DNA

• Polymer
• Monomer
• Polymerisation
  • Addition Polymerisation
  • Condensation Polymerisation
• DNA
  • Nucleotides
• Sugars
  • Polysaccharides
  • Monosaccharides
• Amino Acids
  • Proteins

Chemical Analysis

Assessing purity and separating mixtures

• Pure
• Mixture

Separating Mixtures

• Filtration
• Crystallisation
• Distillation
• Fractional Distillation
• Chromatography
  • Stationary Phase
  • Mobile Phase
  • Chromatogram
  • Retention Factors
• Melting Point

Conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of balanced equations

• Conservation of Mass
• System
  • Open System
  • Closed System
• Relative Formula Mass

Higher: Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

• Avagadro Constant
• Mole
• Balanced Symbol Equation
  • Limiting Reactants
• Concentration
  • Molarity

Higher: Use the mole in relation to volumes of gases

• Molar Gas Volume
  • Standard Temperature and Pressure

Principles for determining the concentrations of solutions

• Molarity explain relation between mass of solute and volume of solvent
• Limiting Reactants and concentration and volume

Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means

• Testing for Aqueous Ions
  • Cations
  • Anions
  • Aqueous
• Flame Tests
• Flame Emission Spectroscopy
  • Spectroscopy
• Instrumental Chemical Analysis

Chemical and Allied Industries

Life cycle assessment and recycling

• Life Cycle Assessment
• Recycling

Fractional Distillation of crude oil and cracking

• Fractional Distillation
  • Crude Oil
  • Alkanes
• Cracking

Different methods of extracting and purifying metals with reference to a reactivity series with oxygen and the position of carbon within it

• Reactivity Series
• Extraction of Metals
  • Native
  • Ore
  • Smelting
  • Electrolysis
  • Phytomining
  • Bioleaching

Using materials

• Corrosion - painting and sacrificial anode
  • Sacrificial Anode
• Alloys - properties and uses
• Material Properties - applications
  • Glass
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers
  • Composite Materials
  • Metals

Higher: The balance between equilibrium position and rate in industrial processes

• Dynamic Equilibrium
  • Equilibrium Position - graphs, rate of production vs equilibrium position, energy cost and raw materials needed.

Agricultural productivity and the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium-based fertilisers

• Haber Process
• NPK
• Industrial Production of Fertilisers - compare to lab for reactants and products

The comparison of yield and atom economy of chemical reactions

• Yield percentage yield, theoretical yield, reaction pathways
  • Percentage Yield
• Atom Economy using balanced symbol equations, reaction pathways
• Reaction Pathway